Bipartisanship Breakdown, Functional Networks, and Forensic Analysis in Spanish 2015 and 2016 National Elections

Figure 2

(a, b) Heat map of the bipartisanship index (BI, see the text) at the municipality level (the darker and the larger the BI is, the more bipartisan the system is) for 2015 elections (a) and 2016 elections (c). One can see that overall bipartisanship decreases from 2015 to 2016 and that bipartisanship breakdown is more acute closer to important, cosmopolite cities (e.g., Madrid and Barcelona). (c) Frequency histogram of BI for 2015 and 2016. In 2015, the distribution has a clear Gaussian shape and such shape is slightly perturbed in 2016.

(a)

(b)

(c)