Emerging Risk Management in Industry 4.0: An Approach to Improve Organizational and Human Performance in the Complex Systems

Table 6

CSG’s overall description based on Keating and Bradley’s [18].

Areas of concern	Metasystem function	Primary role
System identity	M5: Policy and identity	Focusing on overall steering and trajectory for the Industry 4.0 systems in the fulfillment of their missions. Maintaining identity and balance between current and future focus.
	M5: System context	Focusing on the specific context within which the metasystem of an industry is embedded. Context is the set of circumstances, factors, conditions, or patterns that enable or constrain execution of systems in Industry 4.0 setting.
	M5’: Strategic system monitoring	Focusing on oversight of the Industry 4.0 performance indicators at a strategic level. This includes identification of performances that exceed as well as those the fail to meet the established expectations.
System development	M4: System development	Developing and maintaining current and future models of systems in question within the Industry 4.0 schema as well as concentrating on the long-range development for the industry to enable the realization of future feasibilities.
	M4: Learning and transformation	Focusing on facilitation of learning based on correction of design errors (first order learning) in the metasystem roles of the industry as well as planning for revolution of the industry (second order learning).
	M4’: Environmental scanning	Focusing on designs, and monitoring systems that can be used to sense operating environment of the industry to detect environmental trends, patterns, or events that can have implications on the current and future state of the industry.
System operations	M3: System operations (M3)	Focusing on the day to day execution of industry functions (operations)
	M3: Operational performance	Monitoring system performance to identify and assess aberrant conditions, exceeded thresholds, and/or irregularities.
System information	M2: Information and communications	Creating designs and mechanisms that enable the information flow and consistent interpretation of exchanges information and data necessary to execute industry functions.