Research Article

Two-Phase Incremental Kernel PCA for Learning Massive or Online Datasets

Figure 3

Synthesized data including 500 samples and the contours of the first three principal components drawn using a polynomial kernel. The first row is from KPCA, the second row is from TP-IKPCA, the third row is from IKPCA-RS, and the forth row is from INKPCA. Data points are represented by red dots ā€œā€ and the green lines are the contour lines of constant value of the first three principal components.