Dual-Source Optimization of the “Diverting Water from the Yangtze River to Tai Lake (DWYRTL)” Project Based on the Euler Method

Xu, Ruichen; Pang, Yong; Hu, Zhibing; Kaisam, John Paul

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3256596

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Abstract Introduction Study Area Results Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

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Modelling and Simulation of Complex Biological Systems

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Volume 2020 | Article ID 3256596 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3256596

Dual-Source Optimization of the “Diverting Water from the Yangtze River to Tai Lake (DWYRTL)” Project Based on the Euler Method

Ruichen Xu,^1,2Yong Pang ,^1,2Zhibing Hu,^1,2and John Paul Kaisam^1,2,3

Guest Editor: Tongqian Zhang

Received12 May 2020

Revised27 Jun 2020

Accepted16 Jul 2020

Published04 Aug 2020

Abstract

Appropriate water body diversion can improve the water quality of Tai Lake. Excessive diversion of water would, however, dramatically alter the local flow fields, which are not conducive to the growth of aquatic plants and the stability of ecosystems. The current “Diverting Water from the Yangtze River to Tai Lake (DWYRTL)” project uses a single water source, the Wangyu River, for diversion, a model that may significantly affect the nearby flow rate or uniformity of the lake and is not conducive to the long-term stability of the aquatic ecosystem in the Tai Lake district of the eastern part of the lake. In order to simulate the different situations of single- and dual-source water diversions (Wangyu-Xinmeng Rivers) in Tai Lake, we based this study on a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model coupled with the Euler method, which can accurately calculate the water exchange rates in the different districts of Tai Lake. The results show that (1) it is recommended that the total annual diversion of water should not exceed 20 × 10⁸ m³; (2) the wind field is the most important factor determining the distribution of spatial water exchange; (3) under wind-free conditions, the flow rate of a single-source diversion of water is approximately 50% higher than that of dual-source diversion; and (4) water diversion under the prevailing conditions of the northwest wind in winter will reduce the semiexchange period of the eastern part of the lake area from 50 to 30 days, significantly changing the nearby district’s uniformity, leading to ecological risks. Therefore, it is recommended that the dual-source water diversion mode be used in winter and windless season, and single-source water diversion mode be used in other seasons.

1. Introduction

Diverting water from the Yangtze River to Tai Lake (DWYRTL) is one of the major water conservation projects in the Tai Lake Basin. This diversion supplies a large amount of water resources to downstream areas including the city of Shanghai and Zhejiang Province while serving as one of the essential basic projects for social and economic development in the Yangtze River Delta [1]. However, the continuous increase in downstream water demand, the overflow rate, and the water exchange uniformity (WEU) index [2] will have a certain adverse effect on the stability of the aquatic ecosystem. In particular, the East Lake District forms the region with the most complete aquatic ecosystem that can only be sustained by relying on diversion of the Wangyu River alone. The Wangyu River is very close to the district that is most sensitive to changes in hydrology, and an excessive diversion of water from the Wangyu River will have a significant impact on the East Lake District [3]. An uneven mixing of water bodies will also change the original aquatic environment, thereby reducing the survival rate of aquatic vegetation [4, 5]. Many scholars have found that cyanobacterial blooms will be directly affected by hydrodynamic forces and pollutant fluxes caused by water diversion [6, 7]. Therefore, further research and discussion are needed to determine whether this risk can be mitigated by the Wangyu-Xinmeng River dual-source diversion method.

At present, researchers have mainly used on-site monitoring and hydrodynamic models to study the flow velocity of water bodies. On-site monitoring may provide measured field data and basic boundary conditions for a hydrodynamic model. A hydrodynamic model can predict and compare different future scenarios quantitatively [8]. The exchange of water in a water body is mainly reflected by the water exchange rate and the semiexchange cycle [9]. Currently, water body exchange studies have mainly been conducted using the Lagrange method and the Euler method [10]. Based on a three-dimensional unsteady state model, Luff and Pohlmann [11] used the Lagrange method to study the exchange of water between water bodies (e.g., flushing-time, turn-over time, and half-life time) in the North Sea. However, the Lagrange method ignores the convective diffusion of water [12, 13]. By contrast, Euler’s Method uses a conservative method, namely, a coupled convective diffusion model, to simulate the water body exchange in a local area [14].

Based on a current tidal model, Xie et al. [15] simulated the exchange of water in water bodies on an impounded lake in Taipingwan Port of Dalian, Liaoning Province, China. The simulation suggested that the construction of a submerged dike would hinder the exchange of water between water bodies, i.e., the elevation of the underwater soil would have a significant impact on the exchange capacity of regional water. Dai et al. [16] used an unstable state model to analyze the exchange of water bodies between Dongting Lake and Yangtze River before and after the implementation of the Three Gorges Project. Dai and colleagues have identified a significant change in the amount of water entering and exiting the lake and documented an extended period of water body exchange during the postconstruction phase. Based on the three-dimensional Euler algorithm of the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code, Xu et al. [17] examined the exchange of water between water bodies in urban man-made lakes and obtained good results for some recently completed projects through optimizations. Water body exchange research based on the Euler method can, therefore, more intuitively and accurately reflect the unique influence of water diversion on the exchange of water between water body in a large scale and local areas of Tai Lake.

Most of the studies on the DWYRTL project only considered a single-source water diversion model, which may lose another viable solution if the demand for water resources is met, but a dual-source diversion may be able to resolve the related problems [18]. Among them, Li et al. [19] analyzed the relationship between the diversion of the Wangyu River and the hydrodynamic conditions of Tai Lake, determined the basic hydrodynamic parameters of Tai Lake, and optimized the economic applicability of the water diversion project. During the implementation of WDYRTL in the Wangyu River basin, Yang et al. [20] revealed that short-term water diversion would cause a deterioration in the quality of water in the Gong Bay area. Qing [21] adopted a two-dimensional unsteady state model to assess the hydrodynamic conditions and water quality of the Taihu River after the diversion of water from the Xinmeng River to Tai Lake. The study suggested that the diversion of the Xingeng River would improve the aquatic environment of Tai Lake, but comprehensive control would be needed to prevent the most negative effects of single-channel drainage on the quality of water in the Yangtze River. Yong [22] studied the environmental changes of Tai Lake after the diversion of the Xingeng River. The study not only found that the aquatic environment improved in the Northwest Lake District but also documented the relatively poor water diversion efficiency from the Yangtze River and the associated water diversion management conditions. In general, there are still some drawbacks with regard to the optimization of dual-source water diversion in different situations.

This study involved the construction of a three-dimensional hydrodynamic mathematical model based on the measured data acquired from 2017 to 2018. The changes in nearby flow velocity were studied and analyzed using different diversion models and scales. The calculation of the water exchange rate and the semiexchange period for eight wind field conditions prevailing at different time periods was coupled with the Euler algorithm during the analysis. The calculation of the water exchange rate and semiexchange period of the eight main districts of Tai Lake were expected to be obtained, and a more in-depth study of the difference and linkages between single-source diversion and dual source diversion should continue in order to provide a scientific reference for future diversion strategies. The paper mainly discusses (1) the research area, (2) the research method, (3) results and discussion, and (4) conclusions.

2. Study Area

Tai Lake, located at the lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin (119°08′–122°55′E, 30°05′–32°08′N), covers an area of 2,338 km² to a maximum water depth of up to 3 m. This typical large shallow lake [23] has been previously divided into three lake bay districts and five major water areas in order to accurately analyze the water exchange characteristics of the various areas of the lake [24]. Using data downloaded from the China Meteorological Data Network (http://data.cma.cn/), in the last decade, Tai Lake was mainly affected by the easterly winds in autumn and mainly affected by the southeastern and northwestern monsoons in spring-summer and winter, respectively (Figure 1). According to the Tai Lake Basin Authority, Ministry of Water Resources (http://www.tba.gov.cn/), the DWYRTL project consists mainly of the Xinmeng River Extension Project, the Xingou River Extension Project, and the Wangyu River Project, where the first and last of these projects directly divert water from the Yangtze River into Tai Lake. In the last decade, the average annual water intake was 7.5 billion m³, with the main water diversion periods occurring between January-March, July-August, and October-December and the longest continuous water diversion period being 90 days [16].

From 1990 to 2017, the amount of water diverted from the Yangtze River to the west of the Wangyu River increased annually [25], with the annual amount of water diversion increasing from 1.6 billion m³ to 5.2 billion m³ during this period—an increase of 225% (Figure 2). Over the same period, the total amount of water entering the lake also increased, while the number of days of water exchange in Tai Lake decreased correspondingly year-on-year, from 266 days to 160 days, by 39.8%.

3. Methodology

3.1. 3D Hydrodynamic Model

To accurately calculate the volume of water body exchange, this study employed a hydrodynamic model used in this study that is based on the Navier−Stokes equations of three-way incompressible flow and Reynolds values and was subject to the assumption of Boussinesq and hydrostatic pressure. The finite volume method was applied to calculate the spatial discretization. Its mathematic expression is shown in the equations below [26].

The water flow continuity equation is given by the following equation:

The Navier–Stokes equations for horizontal momentum in the X and Y directions are shown in equations (2) and (3), respectively:where t represents time; x, y, and z are the Cartesian coordinates; u, , and are the components of velocity along the x, y, and z coordinate directions, respectively; f_u and are the Coriolis accelerations along the X and Y coordinate directions; represents the Coriolis factor ( is the angular velocity of the Earth’s rotation, and is the geographic latitude); is the acceleration of gravity; represents the water level; ρ₀ and ρ represent the density of air and water, respectively; is the atmospheric pressure; represents the total water depth; S_xx, S_xy, and S_yy are the radiation stress tensors; is the vertical vortex viscosity coefficient; S is the source-sink term; and F_u and are the horizontal stresses along the X and Y coordinate directions, respectively. The flow velocity gradient-stress relationships can be expressed bywhere A is the horizontal eddy viscosity coefficient.

3.2. Convective Diffusion Model

To simulate the water exchange more intuitively and accurately, we use a convective diffusion model based on the Euler method, given by [27], as seen in equation (5):where C is the contaminant concentration; E_x, and E_y are the diffusion coefficients in the X and Y directions, respectively. According to the Elder empirical formula, it can be known thatwhere n is the Manning coefficient.

3.3. Water Body Exchange Research Methods

A dissolved conservation substance with an initial concentration of 100 mg/L was placed in the lake body (note that the initial concentration in the lake water was zero). After a certain period of convective diffusion, the ratio of the total amount of the remaining substance in the various areas of Tai Lake to the total amount of the initial substance is the water exchange rate of the region at that moment as shown in equation (7). An exchange rate that reaches 50% of the time is the semiexchange period [28].where EX is the water exchange rate; H is the water depth; i is the grid number in the calculated area; and j is the specific time number.

Based on the constructed model, we will extract the nodes and grids of different districts (taking Gong Bay as an example), calculate the local water exchange rate, and then, determine the semiexchange period of different districts under this scenario through the water exchange method (Figure 3).

4. Results and Discussions

4.1. Determining the Model Parameter Rates

In order to ensure that the constructed hydrodynamic model can meet the research needs of water body exchange studies, the water body was divided into 9422 nonstructural grids with a spatial resolution of 300 m; data acquired from 2017 to 2018 were employed. After calibration and verification of the depth of the lake, measurements of the coefficient of turbulence, the height of the bottom friction, and the wind drag coefficient were estimated at 0.28, 0.02 m, and 0.003 m, respectively. The simulation results were well aligned with the measured water level at each monitoring station (Figure 4). The flow field structure simulated by the southeast and northwest monsoons at a speed of 5 m/s had exactly the same circulation shape as the measured results (Figure 5). The results in direction and velocity of circulation flow were also consistent with the results reported in previous studies [29].

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(a)

(b)

In order to further compare the simulated water levels with the measured values, this study uses three model evaluation methods, namely, average relative error (MRE), root mean square error (RMSE), and correlation coefficient analysis (R²). The evaluation process involves an error and correlation analysis of the measured values (M) and simulated values (S) with the following formulations [30]:where N is the number of times of total simulation; i is the number of times of simulation; S_i is the value of the ith simulation; M_i is the value of the ith measurement; is the simulated average value; and is the measured average value.

The assessment results of the four stations (Table 1) show that the simulated water levels fit well with the measured water levels (the highest water level error <0.09 m). Simulation results can account for more than 90% of the actual situation. As a result, the constructed hydrodynamic model met the requirements for subsequent water body exchange research.

4.2. Optimizing the DWYRTL Project

Wind field conditions (i.e., windless and 5 m/s in either easterly, southeasterly, or northwesterly directions) were determined in accordance with the climatic conditions of Tai Lake [31]. Following the relationship between the level of flood control at Tai Lake and the ecologically accepted water level, the initial water level was set at 3.25 m in the model [32], while the total calculation time was set at 60 days; this depended on the average time between 2007 and 2017, with the time step at 86,400 s. Based on these settings (Table 2), the exchange characteristics of Tai Lake under the conditions of single-source diversion of the Wangyu River and dual-source diversion of the Wangyu and Xinmeng rivers were simulated. Also, because this simulation was primarily a comparative study, it was assumed that other external conditions remained unchanged; that is, the effects of rainfall, runoff, and evaporation were not considered separately.

Ignoring wind conditions, the simulation outputs show that Gong Bay, Center District, and East Lake District were the main areas of the water exchange operating mode (a), but the water quality of the Yangtze River was poor compared to that of the exchange area (Figure 6). In addition, dependence on a single source of water diversion from the Wangyu River would increase the concentration of water with poor quality in this region while reducing the water capacity of Tai Lake. In addition, the flow field would be subjected to frequent changes that would not be appropriate for the growth of aquatic plants and the restoration of aquatic ecosystems. The operation mode (b) would significantly reduce the effects on the flow field in the East Lake District, ensuring the stability of the ecosystem as long as the volume of water and the hydrological conditions are constant. This is true because the dual-source common diversion areas would include the water body exchange areas of Zhushan Bay and the Northwest Lake District. As an auxiliary measure, the diversion of water bodies should not be used to meet the unconditional needs of the society or the economy. Operating modes (c) and (d) indicate that when water diversion is extended to 400 m³/s, approximately 45% of Tai Lake water would be exchanged within 60 days, while the Tai Lake water body exchange period under natural conditions is approximately 300 days. This suggests that this level of water body diversion has caused significant disturbances to the aquatic environment of Tai Lake, which would have a serious impact on the storage capacity of Tai Lake and the stability of the aquatic ecosystem [28]. It is recommended that the total water intake in the future should not exceed 20% of the total annual lake water intake, i.e., 20 × 10⁸ m³/a.

The rate at which water flows through Tai Lake is mainly affected by the wind field and the exchange rate of water; an excessive flow rate will have a certain adverse effect on the stability of the ecosystem [33–35]. The flow field of the surrounding area will be controlled by the inflow-outflow discharge under windless conditions. Under the different diversion scales of the Wangyu and Xingeng rivers, the changes in velocity at two monitoring points, XD and ZSW, can be seen in Figure 7. From the calculation results and the change in flow rate, the flow rate of a single-source water diversion (200 m³/s) is predicted to be approximately 50% higher than that of a dual-source water diversion (100 m³/s average), i.e., the best strategy under wind-free conditions is to divert water from the Wangyu and Xingeng rivers by 100 m³/s. At this time, water diversion has the lowest impact on the different districts and contributes to the stability of the ecosystem [36].

(a)

(b)

The simulation results show that when the total amount of water is 200 m³/s, the Tai Lake water exchange rate is approximately 20% over the four seasons, regardless of whether the water diversion method is a single- or a dual-source (Figure 8). This indicates that the water exchange rate is not mainly related to the amount of water entering/leaving the lake but related to the spatiotemporal distribution of the exchange of the water body, which depends primarily on the wind field [37]. This occurs because the wind field mainly determines the flow field of large shallow lakes. Single-source water diversion is prone to creating an imbalance in hydrodynamics, which makes it difficult to replace the water in Zhushan Bay and the western lake areas where pollution is serious and algae easily accumulate. The water exchange areas created by dual-source flow were predicted to be 18.84%, 16.24%, and 15.02% higher than when single-source water diversion occurs in the same areas during the spring-summer, autumn, and winter seasons. These changes may enhance the hydrodynamics of the western lake region under the influence of the southeastern monsoon in spring and summer; meanwhile, the hydrodynamics of Zhushan and Meiliang bays are under the influence of the northwestern monsoon in winter. Consequently, taking into account both economic benefits of a dual-source system and local meteorological conditions, it is vital that appropriate methods of water diversion be chosen in accordance with the needs of different periods.

By conducting a statistical analysis of the eight major sublake areas of Tai Lake, we found that the water exchange rate and the semiexchange period of the eight districts under ten operating modes would change significantly. The results of the present study show the wind field has a significant impact on the spatiotemporal water exchange rate and the semiexchange period (Table 3, e, , and i and f, h, and j), which is consistent with the conclusion of Safak [38]. The most significant change for the East Lake District would occur when single-source water diversion is carried out in the Wangyu River during winter. Its semiexchange period would be 29–30 days, i.e., 60 days of water diversion can completely replace the water volume of the East Lake District, which is unfavorable to the stability of the ecosystem of the East Lake District [39]. However, if dual-source water diversion is adopted in winter for optimization purposes, the water exchange period would increase to 102 days, which would significantly reduce the negative impact on the eastern lake region. The joint-source diversion method for the Wangyu-Xingeng rivers should, therefore, be adopted in winter, with each river water volume accounting for half of the total amount of diverted water. During spring and summer, different methods of diversion of water should be applied in accordance with the actual need to replace the water body in particular areas. Specifically, when an exchange of water is required in the Meiliang Bay area, a single-source diversion method is recommended for the Wangyu River; when an exchange of water is required in the western lake area, the Wangyu River-Xingeng River joint-source diversion method should be adopted with 50% of the water contributed by the Wangyu River. In autumn, sewage from the western part of the lake would flow rapidly to the East Lake District under the influence of the easterly wind flow. In this case, a single-source water diversion of the Wangyu River should be undertaken so that pollutants in the heart of the lake can be neutralized and the impact on the ecosystem of the East Lake District can be reduced.

Using the modeled results above, all strategies were analyzed according to the flow rate and uniformity index [40]. It was found that more attention should be paid to the effects of the flow rate, which will change the stability of the ecosystem. When the wind field dominates the flow field, more attention should be paid to the water exchange uniformity index, which will have a significant impact on the large forms of wetland vegetation [2]. Finally, this study sets out the scientifically sound management strategies (Table 4) for the “DWYRTL” project based on the specific conditions of the wind field.

5. Conclusions

First, an appropriate type of water body diversion can improve the water quality of Tai Lake. Excessive diversion of water would, however, dramatically alter the local flow fields, which would not be conducive to the growth of aquatic plants and the stability of various parts of the Tai Lake ecosystem. Excessive diversion would also have serious effects on the original storage capacity and the natural ability of the lake to adjust to various types of changing conditions. Therefore, the WDYRTL project should not unintentionally expand the scale of water diversion in the future. It is recommended that the total annual diversion of water should not exceed 20% of the total intake of water, i.e., 20 × 10⁸ m³/a. The optimization of water management can be carried out by combining weather forecast information with the dual-source water diversion mode.

Second, the exchange rate of water depends mainly on the amount of water entering/exiting the lake. Ignoring wind conditions, the flow rate of a single-source water diversion is approximately 50% higher than that of dual-source water diversion. In southeastern monsoon conditions, the exchange of water occurs mainly in three lake bay areas and in the center of the lakes. Under the conditions of the east monsoon, water exchange rates will be the highest in three lake bay areas and the Northwest Lake area. Meanwhile, during the northwest monsoon, water exchange will primarily occur in the Center and East Lake districts. In a sense, the wind field is predicted to be the key factor determining the spatiotemporal distribution of the water exchange area.

Third, under normal conditions, the dual-source water diversion method has many more advantages than the single-source water diversion method; however, some differences would recommend use of the single-source method at times. In spring and summer, single-and double-source water diversion methods should be selected based on the needs of the actual water replacement areas. In autumn, a single-source water diversion method is preferable to ensure both an adequate water supply in the West Lake area and the stability of the aquatic ecosystem in the East Lake area. In winter, the Wangyu-Xinmeng River dual-source water diversion method is recommended, with each river accounting for 50% of the total amount diverted water.

Data Availability

The other data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Chinese National Science Foundation (Grant no. 51879070). This work was supported by “the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and the World‐Class Universities (Disciplines) and the Characteristic Development Guidance Funds for the Central Universities”. This research was also funded by the Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment of China (Grant no. 2018ZX07208007). The authors thank LetPub (http://www.letpub.com) for its linguistic assistance during the preparation of this manuscript.

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Copyright © 2020 Ruichen Xu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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