The Emergence of Informative Higher Scales in Complex Networks

Figure 6

Propensity for causal emergence in real networks. Growing snowball samples of the two network domains that previously showed the greatest divergence in effectiveness: technological and biological networks. At each snowball size, , each network is sampled 20 times. Across these samples, the total amount of causal emergence for a given sample size is significantly different between the two domains (t-test, comparison of means).