Complex Urban Systems: Challenges and Integrated Solutions for the Sustainability and Resilience of Cities

Figure 3

Interdependent urban networks. Illustration of complex relationships among different subsystems and infrastructures [119]. Connectivity patterns include feedback and feedforward paths, as well as branching topologies, whose structure and dynamics are better understood within the framework of multilayer systems [102, 103, 105, 106]. Figure reproduced with permission from [120], all rights reserved.