Review Article

Industry 4.0-Driven Development of Optimization Algorithms: A Systematic Overview

Table 4

Network analysis of keywords to show the concepts related to the different requirements as well as the keywords related to the concept in parentheses.

RequirementRelated concept (connected keyword)

Vertical integrationInternet of Things (machine learning, digital manufacturing, intelligent manufacturing, smart factory, lean management, process control, wireless sensor network, smart grid); business process (digitalization, Internet of Things, cyber-physical system, digital economy); process optimization (digital twin, machine learning, supply chain, digital transformation, anomaly detection); productivity (process optimization, automation, planning, efficiency, process automation); reliability (availability, smart grid, productivity, dependability); ontology (smart manufacturing, intelligent manufacturing, artificial neural network)
Horizontal integrationLean management (Internet of Things, digitalization, sustainable manufacturing); ontology; smart city (Internet of Things, machine learning, cyber-physical system); security (machine learning, predictive maintenance, modeling, digital twin, anomaly detection); reinforcement learning (artificial intelligence, internet of things, deep learning, predictive maintenance, condition monitoring); resource efficiency (cloud manufacturing, sustainability, smart manufacturing network, additive manufacturing)
End-to-end engineeringSustainable manufacturing (energy optimization, lean management, artificial intelligence, Internet of Things); cyber-physical system (digital twin, smart factory, flow shop scheduling); productivity; logistics (Internet of Things, intelligent manufacturing, digital twin, genetic algorithm, smart manufacturing)
Smart factoriesDigital twin (cyber-physical system, smart factory); smart manufacturing (Internet of Things, digital transformation, data analytics, digital twin, supply chain, cyber-physical system, logistics); cyber-physical system; artificial intelligence (machine learning, Internet of Things, digitalization, digital twin, discrete event simulation); Internet of Things
Product personalizationSupply chain; job shop scheduling (automation, reinforcement learning, multi-agent systems); logistics (Internet of Things, intelligent manufacturing, digital twin, genetic algorithm, smart manufacturing)
VirtualizationDigital twin (cyber-physical systems, smart factory); virtual reality (digital transformation, digital twin, key performance indicator, machining)
DecentralizationSupply chain (scheduling, smart manufacturing, control, planning, digital transformation); blockchain (big data analytics, additive manufacturing, digital twin, Internet of Things); cloud computing (Internet of Things, genetic algorithm, evolutionary algorithm, digitalization)
FlexibilityDigital transformation (virtual reality, artificial intelligence, smart manufacturing, supply chain); assembly line (optimization, digital twin)
Corporate social responsibilityOptimization (machine learning, scheduling, energy efficiency); monitoring (process control, optimization, Internet of Things); efficiency (lean, digital economy); sustainability; smart grid (wireless sensor network, smart grid, reliability, efficiency); digital economy (business process, efficiency); resource efficiency (additive manufacturing, cloud manufacturing, sustainability, smart manufacturing network); circular economy (demand response, modelling); energy (control, modelling, cyber-physical system); energy optimization (digitalization, scheduling, digital factory, sustainable manufacturing); lean manufacturing (process planning, additive manufacturing, scheduling); sustainability (machine learning, optimization, modelling, resource efficiency)
Real-time capabilityMonitoring; cyber-physical system (digital twin, smart factory, flow shop scheduling); Internet of Things; digital factory (energy optimization, simulation model); flow shop scheduling (genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, cyber-physical system, multi-agent system); lean management (Internet of Things, sustainable manufacturing); job shop scheduling; self-optimization (artificial intelligence, reinforcement learning, intelligent manufacturing); planning (productivity, manufacturing, scheduling, metaheuristic, control); scheduling (genetic algorithm, multi-objective optimization, cloud manufacturing, modelling, cyber-physical system); data acquisition (cyber-physical system, Internet of Things, smart manufacturing); demand response (circular economy, data-driven)
ModularityCloud computing (intelligent manufacturing, Internet of Things, genetic algorithm, data analytics); logistics; edge computing (Internet of Things, smart manufacturing, cloud computing, data analytics)
InteroperabilityInternet of Things; sustainability; cyber-physical systems; smart factory (Internet of Things, digital twin, cyber-physical system, smart manufacturing, evolutionary algorithms, process planning); wireless sensor network (Internet of Things, smart grid); smart grid (Internet of Things, reliability, efficiency, wireless sensor network)
Smart productSmart manufacturing (Internet of Things, digital transformation, data analytics, digital twin, supply chain, cyber-physical system, logistics); smart factory (Internet of Things, digital twin, cyber-physical systems, smart manufacturing, digital manufacturing, artificial intelligence, modelling)
AutonomySelf-optimization (artificial intelligence, intelligent manufacturing, reinforcement learning, digitalization); deep learning (artificial intelligence, advanced process control, data analytics, machine learning, reinforcement learning); machine learning (internet of things, artificial intelligence, data analytic, predictive maintenance, process optimization); automation (artificial intelligence, digital twin, cyber-physical systems, digital transformation, logistics, review, planning)
Service orientationLean manufacturing (scheduling, additive manufacturing, process planning)
AgilityWireless sensor network; smart grid; availability (interaction, dependability, reliability); reliability (availability, smart grid, productivity, dependability)