Grandparental Childcare and Second Birth in China: Evidence from a Dynamic Model and Empirical Study

Table 3

Matching quality test: balancing property.

Explanatory variables	Matching	Mean		Bias (%)		t-test
		Treated	Controls	Bias	Reduct.	t
Age of the father	Before	34.026	34.635	−11.9	—	−12.48	0.001
	After	34.026	34.051	−0.5	96.0	−0.40	0.692
Age of the mother	Before	32.291	32.798	−9.9	—	−10.40	0.001
	After	32.291	32.299	−0.2	98.3	−0.14	0.889
Ethnicity of the parents	Before	0.923	0.897	8.9	—	9.03	0.001
	After	0.923	0.922	0.1	98.3	0.13	0.894
Age of the first child	Before	8.912	8.727	4.2	—	4.42	0.001
	After	8.912	8.961	−1.1	73.8	−0.91	0.364
Square of the age of the first child	Before	99.386	95.015	5.1	—	5.36	0.001
	After	99.386	100.73	−1.6	69.1	−1.28	0.199
Gender of the first child; (Boy, ref.)
(i) Girl	Before	0.477	0.462	2.9	—	3.04	0.002
	After	0.477	0.483	−1.3	55.4	−1.09	0.275
Education level of the father; (Junior school and below, ref.)
(i) Junior high school	Before	0.604	0.555	10.0	—	10.41	0.001
	After	0.604	0.605	−0.2	97.9	−0.18	0.856
(ii) Senior high school	Before	0.222	0.237	−3.4	—	−3.56	0.001
	After	0.222	0.220	0.5	86.4	0.40	0.689
(iii) College and above	Before	0.092	0.125	−10.6	—	−10.71	0.001
	After	0.092	0.092	0.1	99.1	0.08	0.935
Education level of the mother; (Junior school and below, ref.)
(i) Junior high school	Before	0.610	0.557	10.8	—	11.22	0.001
	After	0.610	0.604	1.3	88.1	1.09	0.274
(ii) Senior high school	Before	0.192	0.220	−7.2	—	−7.37	0.001
	After	0.192	0.192	−0.1	98.1	−0.12	0.904
(iii) College and above	Before	0.078	0.106	−9.5	—	−9.62	0.001
	After	0.078	0.077	0.4	95.4	0.40	0.690
Family monthly income (in log)	Before	8.818	8.746	13.9	—	14.03	0.001
	After	8.818	8.825	−1.3	90.7	−1.08	0.280
Settlement intention; (Settle down, ref.)
(i) Return home	Before	0.077	0.035	18.6	—	21.58	0.001
	After	0.077	0.072	2.2	88.4	1.58	0.114
(ii) Go to other places	Before	0.036	0.025	6.1	—	6.72	0.001
	After	0.036	0.038	−1.4	78.0	−1.04	0.299
(iii) Uncertain	Before	0.406	0.276	27.7	—	29.71	0.001
	After	0.406	0.415	−1.9	93.1	−1.53	0.126
Hukou of the parents; (Both rural Hukou, ref.)
(i) Different Hukou types	Before	0.062	0.079	−6.5	—	−6.64	0.001
	After	0.062	0.062	0.1	98.3	0.10	0.922
(ii) Both urban Huhous	Before	0.073	0.097	−8.7	—	−8.75	0.001
	After	0.073	0.073	0.2	97.4	0.21	0.837
The respondent participates in labor force	Before	0.924	0.824	30.3	—	29.06	0.001
	After	0.924	0.922	0.5	98.2	0.56	0.578
The child migrates with the parents	Before	0.141	0.625	−114.6	—	−110.60	0.001
	After	0.141	0.145	−0.8	99.3	−0.78	0.436