Research Article
Unintended Consequences of Agricultural Participation in Voluntary Carbon Markets: Their Nature and Avoidance
Table 4
Percentage change from base in welfare at $30/tCO2e.
| | Mandatory (%) | Per unit (%) | Per unit plus constraints (%) |
| Domestic consumers’ surplus | −0.05 | 0.00 | −0.01 | Domestic producers’ surplus | 3.50 | 2.01 | 2.63 | Overseas consumers’ surplus | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.01 | Overseas producers’ surplus | 0.29 | −0.05 | 0.40 | Total | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
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