Research Article

Unintended Consequences of Agricultural Participation in Voluntary Carbon Markets: Their Nature and Avoidance

Table 4

Percentage change from base in welfare at $30/tCO2e.

Mandatory (%)Per unit (%)Per unit plus constraints (%)

Domestic consumers’ surplus−0.050.00−0.01
Domestic producers’ surplus3.502.012.63
Overseas consumers’ surplus−0.010.00−0.01
Overseas producers’ surplus0.29−0.050.40
Total0.040.040.04