Unintended Consequences of Agricultural Participation in Voluntary Carbon Markets: Their Nature and Avoidance

Table 6

Percentage offset in carbon dioxide equivalent emissions from the usage of a biofeedstock.

Commodity	Liquid fuels			Cofired electricity				Electricity
	Crop ethanol	Cellulosic ethanol	Biodiesel	5%	10%	15%	20%	Fire 100%
Corn	17.2
Hard red winter wheat	16.1
Sorghum	27.8
Sugarcane	64.9
Soybean oil			95.0
Corn oil			39.1
Switchgrass		56.7		86.3	86.5	86.2	86.0	75.1
Poplar		52.6		84.1	84.4	84.1	83.8	71.3
Willow		62.8		90.9	91.0	90.8	90.7	83.4
Softwood log residue		79.3		99.2	99.1	99.1	99.0	97.3
Hardwood log residue		79.4		99.0	98.9	98.8	98.8	96.3
Corn cropping residue		69.8		89.2	89.4	89.2	89.0	80.1
Wheat cropping residue		56.4		93.3	93.4	93.2	93.1	87.2
Manure				99.5	99.4	99.2	99.1	96.4
Bagasse		95.7		98.1	98.1	98.1	98.0	96.5
Lignin				91.3	91.5	91.3	91.2	85.8
Lignin hardwood				91.4	91.5	91.4	91.2	85.7
Lignin softwood				96.2	96.3	96.2	96.2	94.1

Source: [8].