A New Chaotic System with Only Nonhyperbolic Equilibrium Points: Dynamics and Its Engineering Application

<table class="table-group" id="tab2"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_left">Scheme</td><td class="align_center">Application of chaos</td><td class="align_center">Probabilistic</td><td class="align_center">Data type</td><td class="align_center">Keyspace</td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Nesa et al. [<a href="/journals/complexity/2022/4488971/#B46" target="_blank">46</a>]</td><td class="align_center">Chaos-based PRNG</td><td class="align_center">No</td><td class="align_center">Numeric sensor data</td><td class="align_center"><span style="width: 20.2061ptpx;"><svg height="11.6412pt" id="M262" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 20.2061 11.6412" width="20.2061pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.24,-5.741)"><path d="M389 0V32C297 38 291 46 291 118V635C234 613 175 595 109 583V556L161 554C203 552 207 547 207 497V118C207 46 201 38 110 32V0H389Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.672,-5.741)"><path d="M462 177V227H365V632H320C217 496 116 350 21 208V177H284V109C284 43 280 38 190 31V0H451V31C369 38 365 43 365 108V177H462ZM284 227H88C155 336 218 430 282 519H284V227Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.104,-5.741)"><path d="M253 635C142 635 71 555 71 471C71 401 113 353 178 316C144 294 106 267 91 252C70 231 46 202 46 157C46 51 132 -12 241 -12C328 -12 442 52 442 168C442 257 379 305 311 343C354 373 380 398 388 407C406 428 417 458 417 487C417 568 348 635 253 635ZM240 600C288 600 340 563 340 481C340 423 313 387 279 360C207 394 148 427 148 499C148 549 182 600 240 600ZM252 23C188 23 129 73 129 163C129 217 162 266 211 298C289 260 360 217 360 144C360 69 312 23 252 23Z"></path></g></svg></span></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Dhall et al. [<a href="/journals/complexity/2022/4488971/#B45" target="_blank">45</a>]</td><td class="align_center">Chaos-based permutation and substitution</td><td class="align_center">Probabilistic with random bits insertion</td><td class="align_center">Image</td><td class="align_center"><span style="width: 20.2061ptpx;"><svg height="11.6412pt" id="M263" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 20.2061 11.6412" width="20.2061pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.24,-5.741)"><path d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 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338Z"></path></g></svg></span></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Srich and San-Um [<a href="/journals/complexity/2022/4488971/#B59" target="_blank">59</a>]</td><td class="align_center">Chaotic matrix construction</td><td class="align_center">No</td><td class="align_center">Image/Text/Excel files</td><td class="align_center"><svg height="12.4646pt" id="M264" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -12.2582 51.9467 12.4646" width="51.9467pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.24,-5.741)"><path d="M309 -142C211 -61 151 99 151 271S210 601 309 683L288 710C141 611 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transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,42.429,-5.741)"><path d="M290 377C321 398 342 415 358 430C378 450 389 473 389 502C389 578 329 635 238 635H237C184 635 137 610 109 578L64 515L88 493C112 529 154 573 208 573S303 542 303 482C303 409 233 370 141 341L149 308C165 313 190 319 215 319C272 319 341 283 341 193C342 98 292 43 222 43C163 43 122 72 96 94C88 101 79 100 70 94C61 87 47 73 46 60C44 47 48 37 62 23C76 10 118 -12 165 -12C238 -12 430 62 430 223C430 297 379 359 290 375V377Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,46.861,-5.741)"><path d="M141 347C171 480 264 541 327 570C364 587 403 599 436 605L429 641C389 634 339 622 300 609C191 570 37 458 37 239C37 86 126 -12 245 -12C367 -12 454 89 454 210C454 314 380 397 272 397C252 397 230 390 208 380L141 347ZM231 338C323 338 366 257 366 174C366 108 340 27 263 27C180 27 129 123 129 244C129 268 130 292 135 310C158 323 193 338 231 338Z"></path></g></svg> (w: a parameter)</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Proposed scheme</td><td class="align_center">Chaos-based encoding/decoding algorithms</td><td class="align_center">Inherently probabilistic</td><td class="align_center">Any type of digital data</td><td class="align_center"><span style="width: 20.2061ptpx;"><svg height="11.6412pt" id="M265" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 20.2061 11.6412" width="20.2061pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.24,-5.741)"><path d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.672,-5.741)"><path d="M453 623H65C60 580 56 530 46 472H80C103 538 110 548 175 548H389C310 380 195 168 90 0L98 -12L175 -2C273 206 366 408 462 610L453 623Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.105,-5.741)"><path d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z"></path></g></svg></span></td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="5"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

<div>Comparison between the proposed secure data transmission scheme and the other works.</div>

Complexity

tab2

Table 2

Table 2: A New Chaotic System with Only Nonhyperbolic Equilibrium Points: Dynamics and Its Engineering Application 