The Potential for Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease

Table 1

The relationship between serum uric acid and vascular outcomes.

Ref	Population	Change in outcome measure
[5]	Acute stroke	RR 1.27 (1.18–1.36)^a for recurrent vascular events
[6]	Acute stroke	Serum uric acid ↑ in those with early clinical deterioration (𝑃=.001)
[7]	Acute Stroke	OR 1.37 (1.13–1.67) for early death^b
[8]	Acute Stroke	OR 1.12 (1–1.25) per additional mg/dL uric acid for good outcome
[7]	Acute Stroke	OR 1.57 (1.02–2.42) for poor outcome^∗
[9]	Diabetes	HR 1.91 (1.24–2.94) for stroke^b
[10]	Diabetes and stroke	HR 1.49 (1.21–1.84) for recurrent CV event^a
[11]	Coronary Disease	HR 1.5 (1.02–2.1) for all cause mortality^b
[12]	Coronary Disease	HR 1.23 (1.11–1.36) for all cause mortality^c
[13]	Hypertension	HR 1.32 (1.03–1.69), for CV events^b
[14]	Hypertension	HR 1.22 (1.11–1.35) for CV disease^d
[15]	Hypertension	HR 1.14 (1.02–1.27) for CV mortality^e HR 1.34 (1.14–1.57) for fatal stroke^e
[16]	Hypertension	HR 1.73 (1.01–3) for CV event rates^b
[17]	Hypertension	HR 1.03 (0.93–1.14) for CV mortality^e HR 1.06 (0.99–1.13) for all CV events^e
[18]	Healthy Volunteers	HR 1.16 (𝑃<.001) for all-cause mortality^b HR 1.35 (𝑃=.02) for ischaemic stroke^b
[19]	Healthy Volunteers	HR 1.35 (1.20–1.52) for CV mortality^b HR 1.37 (1.09–1.74) for stroke^b
[20]	Healthy Volunteers	OR 2.6 (1.2–5.4) for white matter hyperintense signals on MRI imaging^b

Results expressed as ratio and 95% CI. a per additional 0.1 mmol/L in serum uric acid, b for highest versus lowest group, c,d per additional 0.6 and 0.86 mmol/L in serum uric acid respectively, e for each 50 𝜇mol/L increment in serum uric acid. ∗on univaiate analysis. RR—Relative risk, OR—Odds ratio, HR—Hazard ratio, CV—Cardiovascular.