Reduced Heart Rate Recovery Is Associated with Poorer Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Cardiovascular Disease

Table 2

Correlations between heart rate recovery and neuropsychological test performance, controlling for sex, age, years of education, 𝛽-blocker usage, and METS at peak HR (𝑁=47).

	Heart rate recovery
	Partial correlation 𝑟 (𝑃 value)	Cohen’s 𝑑 effect size
3MS	.42 (.006)**	.93^c
TMT-A time (seconds)	−.28 (.07)	.58^b
TMT-B time (seconds)	−.33 (.03)*	.70^b
LNS total score	.17 (.29)	.35^a
FAB total score	.12 (.44)	.24^a
Pegs, dominant hand time (seconds)	−.28 (.08)	.58^b
HVLT learning	.19 (.23)	.39^a
HVLT delayed recall	.15 (.35)	.30^a
HVLT true hits	.25 (.11)	.52^b
BNT—short form total score	.40 (.008)**	.87^c
Animal naming	.13 (.41)	.26^a

* P < .05, **P < .01; Cohen’s 𝑑 values of 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 are the minimum thresholds for a small effect^a, medium effect^b, and large effect^c sizes, respectively [22].