Trends and Advances in Separation and Detection of SSRIs and SNRIs in Biological Matrices

Table 1

Liquid chromatographic methods developed for detection of SSRIs, SNRIs, and their metabolites.

Matrix	Analyte	Extraction method	Detector system	Sensitivity	References
Mass detector
Plasma	SER and N-DSER	LLE	TMS	LOQ = 0.5 ng/mL	[21]
Plasma	FLX and NFLX	LLE	ESI, SIM*	LOQ = 2.5 𝜇g/mL for FLX and 10 𝜇g/mL NFLX	[25]
Plasma	FLX	SBSE	ESI, SIM	LOQ = 30 pg/mL (liquid desorption) and 1.37 pg/mL (thermal desorption)	[26]
Hair	CIT, DCIT, and DDCIT	LLE	TMS	LOD = 10 pg/mg; LOQ = 20 pg/mg	[33]
Plasma	VLF, O-DVLF, N-DVLF; N,O-didesmethylvenlafaxine (DDVLF)	LLE	MS	LOD = 0.4, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.2 ng/mL and; LLOQ = 3.5, 2.2, 2.7, and 1.9 ng/mL for; VLF, O-DVLF, N-DVLF, and DDVLF, respectively	[75]
Plasma	SER	SPE	Triple stage; (ESI, SRM)	LOQ = 0.5 ng/mL	[76]
Oral fluid and plasma	FLX, NFLX PAR, SER, FLV, CIT, and VLF	Automated SPE	TMS (ESI), with triple quadrupole	LOQ = 2 ng/mL in oral fluid, 2 ng/mL in plasma (except FLV 10 ng/mL and NFLX 4 ng/mL)	[77]
Plasma	FLX and NFLX	Automated SPE	Triple stage; (ESI, SRM)	LLOQ = 0.5 ng/mL	[78]
Plasma	FLX and NFLX	Online extraction using column switching	ESI, SIM	LOQ = 25 ng/mL	[79]
Plasma	VLF and𝑂-DVLF	SPE	TMS, SRM	LOQ = 3 ng/mL for VLF, 6 ng/mL for DVLF	[80]
Plasma	CIT	LLE	ESI, SIM	LOQ = 0.50 ng/mL	[81]
Plasma	CIT and DCIT	Deproteinization	MS (SIM)	LOQ = 0.25 to 0.5 ng/mL	[82]
Plasma	FLV, PAR, and MCP	SPE	QMS-(SSI)*	LOD = 0.05 to 0.13 𝜇g/mL and LOQ = 0.10 to 0.20 𝜇g/mL	[83]
Plasma	FLX and NFLX	LLE	TMS (ESI)	LOQ = 0.15 ng/mL	[84]
Plasma	FLX, CIT, PAR, and VLF	SPE	MS (ESI)	LOD, FLX = 0.5, CIT = 0.3, PAR = 0.3, and VEN = 0.1 ng/mL	[85]
Blood	FLX, PAR, SER, FLV, CIT, VLF, NFLX, DCIT, DDCIT, and DVLF	LLE	TMS	LOD = 5–500 ng/mL and LOQ = 5 ng/mL; LOD = 20–2000 ng/mL for VLF and DVLF; LOQ = 20 ng/mL for VLF and DVLF	[86]
UV detector
Urine and plasma	SER	HF-LPME	UV	LOD = 0.5 𝜇g/L; LOQ = 2.3 𝜇g/L	[18]
Plasma	CIT and DCIT	LLE	UV	LOD = 5 ng/mL	[38]
Plasma	CIT, SER, FLX, PAR, and DLX	SBSE	UV	LOD = 20 ng/mL for CIT and PAR, 25 ng/mL for FLX and SER and 16 ng/mL for DLX	[44]
Plasma	FLX, SER, PAR, and CIT	LLE	UV	LOQ = 10 ng/mL for FLX, SER, and PAR and 5 ng/mL for CIT	[87]
Plasma and urine	FLX, PAR, and VLF	SPE	UV	LOD = 0.2–0.6 ng/𝜇L in plasma and 0.1–0.8 ng/𝜇L in urine	[88]
Plasma	CIT, FLX, PAR	SPE	UV	LOQ = 0.05 to 0.26 mM	[89]
Plasma	CIT, DCIT, DDCIT, FLV, PAR, SER,; FLX, NFLX, VLF, and; O-DVLF	LLE	UV	LOQ = 25 ng/mL, 100 ng/mL for VLF and O-DVLF	[90]
Plasma	R- and S-CIT, R- and S-DCIT, and R- and S-DDCIT	LLE	UV	LOD > 2 ng/mL	[91]
Fluorescence detector
Plasma	FLX and NFLX	LLE	FD	LLOD = 3 mg/L	[17]
Plasma	SER and DSER	SPE	FD	LOQ = 1.0 ng/mL and LOD = 0.3 ng/mL	[22]
Plasma	CIT, DCIT, DDCIT	SPE	FD	LOQ = 1.5 to 2 ng/mL	[32]
Plasma, urine, and brain tissue	CIT, DCIT, DDCIT, FLX, NFLX, VLF, and; O-DVLF	SBSE	FD	LOQ = 0.2 to 2 mg/L in plasma, 2 to 20 ng/g in brain tissue, and 1 to 10 mg/L in urine	[49]
Serum	SER	LLE	FD	LOQ up to 2 ng/mL	[53]
Plasma	CIT, DCIT, DDCIT, PAR, and PAR metabolites	SPE	FD	LOQ = 0.025 to 0.12 mmol/L	[92]
Serum	CIT, FLX, and NFLX	LLE	FD	LOQ = 50 mg/L	[93]
Plasma	FLX and NFLX	HF-LPME	FD	LOQ = 5 ng/mL	[89]
Plasma	CIT, DCIT, and DDCIT	SPE	FD	LOD = 0.8 nmol/L	[94]
Diode array detector
Plasma	FLX, NFLX, SER, PAR, CIT, FLV, VLF, MCP, and DVLF	LLE	DAD	LOD = 2.5 to 5 ng/mL	[95]
Urine	CIT, DCIT, DDCIT, FLX, and NFLX	SPME	DAD	LOD = 0.01–0.09 mg/L	[96]

Abbreviations*: SIM: Single Ion Monitoring; QMS: Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry; SSI: Sonic Spray Ionisation.