Case Report
A 32-Year-Old Female with AIDS, Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia, and Methemoglobinemia
Table 1
Causes of methemoglobinemia.
| | Congenital | | Abnormal hemoglobin | | Hemoglobin MBoston | | Hemoglobin MHyde Park | | Hemoglobin MIwate | | Hemoglobin MMilwaukee | | Hemoglobin MRatnagiri | | Hemoglobin Ms | | Hemoglobin MSaskatoon | | Enzyme deficiency | | Cytochrome b5/NADH reductase deficiencies (Types I–IV) | | G6PD deficiency | | NADPH-flavin reductase deficiency | | Acquired | | Anti-infectives | | Chloroquine | | Dapsone | | Nitrofurans | | Primaquine | | Rifampin | | Sulfanilamide (topical) | | Sulfonamides | | Sulfoxone | | Chemicals | | Acetanilide | | Alloxan | | Aniline derivatives | | Aromatic amines | | Arsine | | Bivalent copper | | Chlorates | | Chromates | | Dimethyl sulfoxide | | Dimethyltoluidine | | Ferricyanide | | Hydroxylamine | | Naphthalene | | Phenacetin | | Toluidine | | Phenols | | Drugs | | Acetaminophen (metabolites) | | Clofazimine | | Flutamide | | Methylene blue (high dose) | | Isosulfan blue | | Metoclopramide | | Nitric oxide | | Nitrous oxide | | Paraquat | | Phenazopyridine | | Phenytoin | | Rasburicase | | Resorcinol | | Sodium valproate | | Sulfasalazine | | Environmental/occupational | | Automobile exhaust fumes | | Inks | | Nitrites | | Paints | | Propellants | | Room deodorizer | | Varnishes | | Foods | | Menthol | | Fava beans | | Vegetables (spinach, beets, and carrots) | | Well water | | Local anesthetics | | Benzocaine | | Bupivacaine | | Lidocaine | | Prilocaine | | Tetracaine (lozenges) | | Nitrates | | Alkyl nitrate | | Amyl nitrate | | Bismuth subnitrate | | Butyl nitrate | | Dinitrophenol | | Isobutyl nitrate | | Nitrobenzene | | Nitroglycerin | | Nitrophenol | | Nitroprusside | | Silver nitrate | | Trinitrotoluene |
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Adapted from [7–14].
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