|
| Characteristics/clinical features |
|
Type A syndrome | Insulin receptor gene mutations or IRS-1 mutation or defect in other signaling intermediates/GLUT |
Type B syndrome | Autoantibodies to insulin receptor. Associated with autoimmune disease or malignancy |
Type C syndrome (HAIR-AN) | Hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and acanthosis nigricans |
Lipodystrophy | Congenital or acquired (HIV lipodystrophy) |
Excess of counter-regulatory hormones or endocrine disorders | Acromegaly, glucagonoma, Cushing’s syndrome Phecochromocytoma, thyrotoxicosis Insulinoma or hyperinsulinemic states |
Pathophysiological states | Puberty, pregnancy, and advanced age Obesity, metabolic syndrome, cirrhosis, MI, and ketoacidosis Uremia, sepsis |
Others | |
Pseudoinsulin resistance | Human or technical errors |
Hypersensitivity (anti-insulin antibodies) | Anti-insulin antibodies with high capacity and low affinity |
Subcutaneous insulin resistance (SIR) | Increased insulin degrading activity in sub-Q tissue |
Increased insulin clearance | Increased degradation of insulin in the circulation |
Medications | Niacin, steroid, IFN-alpha, atypical antipsychotics, PI, and NRTI |
|