Abstract
We report a case of a 66-year-old woman who developed hyperparathyroidism due to a large intrathyroid parathyroid adenoma with episodes of acute pancreatitis. She had previously been treated for acute pancreatitis twice. Serum calcium was 12.4 mg/dL, and intact parathyroid hormone was 253 pg/dL. Ultrasonography and computed tomography of the neck with contrast enhancement revealed a soft tissue mass (28 mm transverse diameter) within the left lobe of the thyroid. Tc-MIBI scintigraphy demonstrated focal accumulation due to increased radiotracer uptake in the left thyroid lobe. Left hemithyroidectomy was performed. Histopathology showed no signs of invasion, and this is consistent with parathyroid adenoma. Immunostaining was positive for expression of chromogranin A and parathyroid hormone. The patient had no episode of pancreatitis after the operation. In a patient with recurrent episodes of pancreatitis, the possibility of complication with hyperparathyroidism should be considered.
1. Introduction
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine disorder characterized by hypercalcemia and excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) [1]. PHPT is most commonly caused by a single adenoma of the parathyroid gland. Patients with PHPT tend to develop complications such as reduction of bone mineral density, nephrolithiasis, and gastric ulcer, which may impair quality of life [1, 2]. In the management of PHPT, parathyroidectomy of the abnormal gland is the gold standard for effective treatment. Generally, most parathyroid adenomas remain relatively small, measuring under a few centimeters and weighing less than 1 g [3]. Large or giant parathyroid adenomas are seldom seen in patients with PHPT [4], and in such cases differential diagnosis is necessary to rule out malignancy.
Acute pancreatitis may be induced by cholelithiasis and alcohol abuse in adults; however, the incidence of pancreatitis in patients with hyperparathyroidism was reported to be only 1.5% [5]. Here, we report a case of hyperparathyroidism due to a large intrathyroid parathyroid adenoma with episodes of acute pancreatitis. She had been treated for acute pancreatitis twice. However, there was no episode of pancreatitis after the operation.
2. Case Report
A 66-year-old woman was consulted for evaluation of hypercalcemia. She had been treated for acute pancreatitis twice (3 years and 6 months earlier) and had a long history of hypercalcemia (calcium 12.3 mg/dL (albumin 3.5 g/dL) and calcium 12.7 mg/dL (albumin 4.7 g/dL), resp.). Abdominal computed tomography (CT) had shown the presence of multiple renal stones, but not gall stones or pancreatic calcifications (not shown). She usually consumed 350 mL of beer 4 times/week. She had no palpable mass in her neck. Endocrine evaluation was performed according to relevant clinical guidelines, and the patient gave written informed consent for all tests performed. Renal function was within normal. As shown in Table 1, serum calcium was 12.4 mg/dL (reference range: 8.3–10.3), albumin 4.0 g/dL, and intact PTH (iPTH) level 253 pg/dL (reference range: 8.7–79.5). Urinary calcium/creatinine ratio was 0.39. Serum phosphorus was 2.4 mg/dL (reference range: 2.4–4.7).
Contrast-enhanced CT of the neck revealed a heterogeneous soft tissue mass (28 mm transverse diameter), clearly defined, within the left thyroid (Figure 1(a)). T-scores of femoral and lumbar bone mineral density were −1.3 and −2.7, respectively. Technetium-99m-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (Tc-MIBI) scintigraphy demonstrated focal accumulation of increased radiotracer uptake in the left lobe of the thyroid on both early and delayed images (Figure 1(b)).
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Left hemithyroidectomy was performed due to the clearly defined soft tissue mass within the left thyroid. Histopathology showed no signs of invasion, and this is consistent with parathyroid adenoma. The adenoma was composed mainly of chief cells and oxyphil cells, covered with a fibrous capsule (Figure 2(a)). Evaluation of chromogranin A expression showed positive chromogranin A immunostaining (Figure 2(b)). Evaluation for PTH expression showed positive PTH immunostaining (Figure 2(c)). Soon after surgery, the elevated calcium and iPTH were normalized. The patient has had no episodes of pancreatitis for one year after the operation.
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3. Discussion
This is an unusual case of hyperparathyroidism due to a large parathyroid adenoma. This present patient had been treated for acute pancreatitis twice. Pooled clinical data suggest an association between PHPT and pancreatitis [6, 7]. Serum calcium levels in PHPT with pancreatitis were found to be higher than those in PHPT without pancreatitis [6, 8]. Acute pancreatitis may be caused by calcium-induced activation of intrapancreatic trypsinogen to trypsin. However, only a minority of patients with PHPT would develop pancreatitis. Felderbauer et al. found that mutations in the serine protease inhibitor Kazal type I (SPINK1) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) genes increase the risk for pancreatitis, and mutations in the Chymotrypsin C gene (CTRC) modulate susceptibility for pancreatitis [9, 10]. Therefore, markedly elevated serum calcium may contribute to pancreatitis, together with additional genetic or environmental insults [6].
Parathyroid adenomas usually measure less than 2 cm and weigh less than 1 g. In parathyroid lesions larger than 2 cm, the differential diagnosis between giant parathyroid adenomas and parathyroid carcinomas would be considered [11]. Parathyroid cysts or cystic adenomas often show large parathyroid ones [12]. No signs of malignancy, such as presence of capsular invasion, angioinvasion, and invasion of the surrounding structures, were observed by morphological analysis in our case. The weight or size of the adenoma may have been correlated with the functional status of the gland and the severity of biochemical abnormalities. For example, larger adenomas may be associated with a more severe form of primary hyperparathyroidism [13]. Conversely, in some cases of giant adenoma, there was no correlation with clinical symptoms or functional status [14].
The incidence of intrathyroid parathyroid adenoma is rare: true one is 0.7%, and partial one is 1.9% [15]. Imaging may miss the pathologic gland [16]. Generally, different imaging techniques, such as high resolution ultrasonography, CT, arteriography, venous sampling, and magnetic resonance imaging, have been used for detection of the abnormal parathyroid glands [17, 18]. Radionuclide imaging has also been used in the detection and localization of parathyroid adenomas. Tc-MIBI has been used for preoperative evaluation of PHPT [19], as demonstrated in our case.
Hypercalcemia may mediate the development of pancreatitis and our patient had earlier been treated for acute pancreatitis twice. However, during short-term follow-up, she had not experienced any episodes of pancreatitis after surgery. In a patient with recurrent episodes of pancreatitis, the possibility of complication with hyperparathyroidism should be considered.
In summary, we report an unusual case of hyperparathyroidism due to a large intrathyroid parathyroid adenoma with episodes of acute pancreatitis.
Consent
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images.
Conflicts of Interest
None of the authors have any potential conflicts of interest associated with this research.
Authors’ Contributions
All authors contributed to the management of the patient and drafting of the manuscript, and all have approved the final submission.