Pituitary Hyperplasia in Severe Primary Hypothyroidism: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Shukla, Prateek; Bulsara, Ketan R.; Luthra, Pooja

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2012546

Case Reports in Endocrinology

On this page

Abstract Introduction Case Report Discussion Conclusion Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments Supplementary Materials References Copyright Related Articles

Case Report | Open Access

Volume 2019 | Article ID 2012546 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2012546

Pituitary Hyperplasia in Severe Primary Hypothyroidism: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Prateek Shukla,¹Ketan R. Bulsara,^2,3and Pooja Luthra^2,4

Academic Editor: Mihail A. Boyanov

Received28 Mar 2019

Accepted09 Jun 2019

Published25 Jun 2019

Abstract

Pituitary hyperplasia is commonly present but remains largely undiagnosed in primary hypothyroidism. It is easily reversible with thyroid replacement therapy. If imaging is performed prior to biochemical evaluation, then patients may undergo pituitary surgery. We present the case of a 34-year-old female with profound primary hypothyroidism and secondary pituitary hyperplasia that resolved after thyroid hormone supplementation. We will discuss the current literature regarding pituitary hyperplasia in primary hypothyroidism in adults.

1. Introduction

Pituitary hyperplasia is a relatively common condition that occurs in both physiological and pathological states. Pregnancy is the most common condition associated with physiological pituitary enlargement, associated primarily with lactotroph hyperplasia [1, 2]. Pathological hyperplasia has been shown to be associated with end organ insufficiency from primary gonadal insufficiency [3, 4], primary adrenal insufficiency [5], and primary hypothyroidism [2, 6–50]. Although traditionally thought to be uncommon [44], pituitary enlargement is common in primary hypothyroidism and has now been well documented in the literature [2, 6–50].

We present an interesting case of a 34-year-old female with no prior diagnosis of hypothyroidism but a long history of hypothyroid symptoms, who presented with sudden onset of neurologic symptoms and an enlarged pituitary gland secondary to profound primary hypothyroidism. We will also review the published literature on pituitary hyperplasia secondary to primary hypothyroidism.

2. Case Report

Our patient is a 34-year-old Caucasian female with a past history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, hypertension, irritable bowel syndrome, and anxiety disorder who had a long standing history of dry skin and abnormal menstrual periods. She is nulligravida and had menorrhagia with irregular menses and increasing polymenorrhea, several months prior to presentation. She also had a history of chronic diarrhea alternating with constipation but had experienced a recent 20 lb weight gain. 1 month prior to presentation, she developed galactorrhea with breast enlargement and tenderness. 3 weeks prior to presentation, evaluation by her gynecologist revealed a thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) >150 mIU/mL (0.5-5.5) free thyroxine (FT4) 0.4 ng/dL (0.61-1.82) and prolactin 29.4 ng/mL (3.34-26.72). An MRI of the pituitary at an outside facility revealed an enlarged pituitary gland measuring 14x12 mm, abutting the optic chiasm (Figures 1(a) and 1(b)). She presented to the hospital with a 1-day history of transient blurry vision, apraxia and aphasia, transient chest tightness, and increasing anxiety. The vision changes were described as an inability to focus on near objects with no reported loss of visual fields. She denied any pain or swelling in her neck, recent viral infections, excessive iodine intake, exposure to iodinated contrast agents, lithium or amiodarone, and any history of prolonged steroid use. She denied any increasing skin tags, changes in appearance or changes in ring or shoe size. There were no symptoms suggestive of adrenal insufficiency. Her medications included amphetamine, nebivolol, clonazepam, citalopram, hydrochlorothiazide, polyethylene glycol, and levocetirizine. Family history was significant for hyperthyroidism in her sister but was otherwise unremarkable for any pituitary disorders.

(a) Precontrast sagittal T-1 MRI. 2 weeks prior to presentation

(b) Precontrast coronal T-1 MRI. 2 weeks prior to presentation

On physical exam, she had a body mass index of 41.53 kg/m², blood pressure of 110/89 mmHg, heart rate being regular at 62 beats per minute, and breathing 14 breaths per minute with oxygen saturations of 96% on ambient air. She was obese and in no distress, and oriented to time, place, and person. There was no obvious thyromegaly. No abdominal stria was noted and overall exam was unremarkable other than dry skin. Her neurological exam was normal and there were no obvious visual field deficits on bedside examination. Laboratory evaluation showed a (Table 1) TSH of 251.21 mIU/mL (0.5-5.5), total T4 of 2.07 μg/dL (4.87-11.72), FT4 of 0.44 ng/dL (0.61-1.82), free triiodothyronin (FT3) of 1.5 pg/mL (2.2-4.2), prolactin of 29.48 ng/mL (3.34-26.72) (23.5 ng/ml by dilution), estradiol 20 pg/mL, Luteinizing Hormone (LH) 2.52 mIU/mL, Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) 5.03 mIU/mL, morning cortisol 8 μg/dL, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) 10 pg/mL (6-58), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) 109 ng/mL (108-368), Thyroglobulin antibody 4.9 IU/mL (0-4), thyroglobulin 159 ng/mL (1.3-31.8), Microsomal Antibody 1096.2 IU/mL (0-9), and Alpha subunit- 3.4 ng/mL (reference range <1.02). A repeat MRI of the pituitary at the time of admission showed an enlarged pituitary, 13x10.1 mm, which appeared slightly improved from the MRI 3 weeks prior to presentation, with decreased involvement of the optic chiasm (Figures 2(a) and 2(b)).

(a) Sagittal T1 MRI on admission

(b) Coronal T1 MRI from hospital admission

She was initially evaluated for surgery, for presumed diagnoses of pituitary macroadenoma; however prompt recognition of severe primary hypothyroidism causing pituitary hyperplasia prevented any unnecessary surgical intervention. She was started on levothyroxine and liothyronine replacement therapy. Six weeks after her initial presentation, laboratory evaluation showed improvement in thyroid function test with a (Table 1) TSH of 11.23 mIU/mL, FT4- 1.25 ng/dL, Total T3- 95 ng/dL (48-178), free T3 5.7 pg/mL, and Alpha subunit 0.53 ng/mL. A repeat MRI of the pituitary also showed decrease in the height of the pituitary gland to 10.5 mm and with less involvement of the optic chiasm (Figures 3(a) and 3(b)). Within the pituitary gland, there was a 3 mm hypoenhancing focus in the right adenohypophysis suggestive of a microadenoma. She is currently doing well with significant improvement in her symptoms. Repeat laboratory evaluation 3 months after her initial presentation showed complete normalization of thyroid function tests (Table 1) with TSH 0.77 mIU/mL, Total T3 141 ng/dL, and FT4 1.63 ng/dL.

(a) Postcontrast T1 MRI image at 6 weeks from presentation

(b) Postcontrast coronal T2 MRI image at 6 weeks from presentation

MRI of the pituitary 3 months after presentation shows that the pituitary measures 9.5 mm with a persistent 5 mm hypoenhancing focus in the right adenohypophysis (Figures 4(a) and 4(b)). The rest of the anterior pituitary hormone levels continue to be within reference range. The small microadenoma is thought to be an incidentaloma and is being monitored.

(a) Postcontrast sagittal T1 MRI image. 3 months from presentation

(b) Postcontrast coronal T2 MRI image. 3 months from presentation

3. Discussion

Pituitary hyperplasia in profound and severe primary hypothyroidism was first recognized from the autopsy of a cretin in 1851 [51]. We performed a review of literature of all the case reports, case series, and reviews of adult patients with primary hypothyroidism and pituitary hyperplasia published in the English language (Supplement: Table 2) [2, 6–50]. We excluded case reports, case series, and reviews that only include pediatric cases or were published in a language other than English. The incidence of pituitary hyperplasia in primary hypothyroidism has not been clearly identified, but recent literature suggests that it may be more common than previously accepted. Autopsy studies, by Scheithauer et al. [52] in patients with primary hypothyroidism, have shown diffuse and nodular thyrotropic cell hyperplasia in 69% and 25% of glands, respectively, and a crude correlation was observed between the degree of thyrotropic cell hyperplasia and the relative lack of thyroid hormone replacement therapy. While all patients with pituitary hyperplasia due to primary hypothyroidism will exhibit some signs or symptoms of hypothyroidism, only 38% present with a chief complaint suggestive of hypothyroidism on initial presentation. Additionally up to 25% of the patients with primary hypothyroidism and associated pituitary hyperplasia will present with “tumoral signs” or presence of pituitary enlargement and 36% will present with signs or symptoms of hyperprolactinemia on initial presentation [53]. This is similar to our patient, who although had classic symptoms of primary hypothyroidism, sought medical attention primarily for headache and neurological symptoms.

Prolonged primary hypothyroidism leads to pituitary hyperplasia due to loss of negative feedback from lack of circulating thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), leading to excessive thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) secretion from the hypothalamus. Pituitary “tumorous” hyperplasia due to primary hypothyroidism occurs most frequently, accounting for approximately 33.3% of cases of secondary pituitary hyperplasia from end organ insufficiencies [40]. It is interesting to note that thyrotrophs comprise only 5%-10% of the adenohypohysial cells but can still cause significant pituitary enlargement [29, 53]. This can partly be explained by the fact that the number of thyrotrophs can increase substantially to up to 34% of the all adenohypophysial cells in patients with hypothyroidism [53]. This has been confirmed by histologic examination of the pituitary gland in cases where surgery was inadvertently performed [10, 21, 29]. As early as 1976, Yamada et al. [54] suggested that there was pituitary enlargement in patients with primary hypothyroidism. They showed evidence that 81% of patients with hypothyroidism have an abnormal increase in the volume of the sella turcica. In addition, the volume of sella turcica was directly related to the level of TSH and inversely related to the circulating thyroxine levels, suggesting that hyperplasia causes an increase in pituitary size [54].

Other observational studies also show a correlation between serum TSH level and the degree of pituitary enlargement. In an observational study by Khawaja et al. [37] which enrolled patients with TSH greater than 50 μIU/mL, pituitary enlargement on MRI was found in 37 of the 53 patients (70%), with 31 of the 37 patients (84%) having TSH levels of ≥100 μIU/mL. In the same study, younger patients, mostly females, with primary hypothyroidism tended to have higher incidence of pituitary enlargement [37]. A review of the current literature of several pediatric cases and most cases in adults also suggest the same, which is similar to our patient.

Another common theme, in patients with profound primary hypothyroidism and pituitary hyperplasia, is the presence of clinical and/or biochemical hyperprolactinemia. Profoundly hypothyroid patients will have concomitant hyperprolactinemia related to the elevated TRH level. In a study by Honbo et al. [55] in 1978, the serum prolactin level was found to be elevated in 39% of patients with untreated primary hypothyroidism. A significant correlation was found between serum prolactin and TSH, suggesting that the elevated serum prolactin level in primary hypothyroidism is mediated by TRH through negative feedback from hypothyroidism and not primarily by stalk effect [55]. The response of prolactin to TRH is also exaggerated in hypothyroid states vs. euthyroid states and is blunted in hyperthyroid states [56]. This has been highlighted in the literature in several instances, confounding the diagnosis and patients may be mislabeled with a pituitary adenoma or prolactinoma [6, 14–24, 28, 29, 35, 41, 49]. This was also the case in our patient, where she had clinical symptoms of hyperprolactinemia and mild elevation of serum prolactin levels. Moreover, pituitary lactotroph hyperplasia has also been identified on histology in patients with primary hypothyroidism [52].

The presence of pituitary enlargement and elevated TSH levels raises the possibility of a thyrotropin producing pituitary adenoma. However, those tend to be exceedingly rare, accounting for about 0.5% of all pituitary adenomas [53]. It is very important to make an accurate diagnosis to avoid devastating consequences of inappropriate pituitary surgery. The differential diagnosis for our patient included a pituitary adenoma, pituitary hyperplasia, thyroid hormone resistance, or hypophysitis. The presence of biochemical hypothyroidism and response to thyroid hormone replacement made the diagnosis of pituitary hyperplasia in our patient. Biochemical excess or deficiency for other pituitary hormones was ruled out. Appropriate response to thyroid hormone replacement therapy ruled out thyroid hormone resistance. Our patient had a mildly elevated alpha subunit initially which was likely related with profound hypothyroidism and subsequent testing revealed normal levels. In other reported cases, chronic untreated primary hypothyroidism with pituitary hyperplasia has caused long term sequelae, with complete pituitary failure and panhypopituitarism with appearance of empty sella syndrome [7, 44]. Other confounding clinical scenarios have been reported with “pseudoacromegaly,” where patients had clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of acromegaly and imaging suggestive of pituitary adenoma; however a complete clinical history and biochemical evaluation revealed primary hypothyroidism [43, 50].

Although there are certain imaging characteristics that are traditionally associated with either pituitary hyperplasia or an adenoma, even with the use of modern imaging techniques like computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast injection, it is still challenging to distinguish between a pituitary adenoma and hyperplasia. The traditional CT criteria for pituitary macroadenoma include homogeneous enlargement of the gland to a height of greater than 10 mm, with or without erosion of the floor of the sella and deviation of the stalk [27]. Although an MRI offers better delineation of adenohypophyseal anatomy, its use cannot always reliably differentiate one from the other. Pituitary hyperplasia is often characterized as a homogeneously enhancing lesion [57] or a midline prominence of a pituitary mass with smooth contours (the “nipple sign”) on a MRI [27]. While MRI findings suggestive of a TSH-secreting adenoma, include a central enhancing mass with a rim of normal compressed pituitary tissue, this can also be seen in pituitary hyperplasia [26, 27].

Appropriate biochemical testing is needed to guide management in such situations. Our case echoes previous case reports, where MRI of the brain was unable to rule out what was considered a symptomatic pituitary adenoma as the cause of pituitary enlargement. As a result, surgical intervention involving removal of the pituitary mass via transphenoidal approach was planned. Surgery was however avoided since thyroid hormone replacement demonstrated regression of the pituitary size on follow-up imaging. This response to therapy suggests TRH-related hyperplasia as the primary cause of pituitary enlargement. It also demonstrates the importance of approaching surgical management of pituitary enlargement in cases of profound primary hypothyroidism with caution. However, it should be noted that increased cell multiplication in cases of hyperplasia may lead to neoplastic transformation of thyrotropin cells and formation of independent TSH producing adenomas, where surgery may be necessary [58]. As a result, early response to hormone replacement therapy does not rule out an underlying neoplasm, and patients should continue to be followed by serial imaging, to track future changes in pituitary size and to evaluate for any adenomas that may be masked by the hyperplasia.

In patients who did undergo pituitary surgery, usually no adenomas were found and histologic examination revealed thyrotrophs that were large, oval with eccentric nucleus, and abundant slightly acidophilic cytoplasm and resemble those seen in the hypothyroid rat pituitary [29]. In addition, in a case series of 3 patients who underwent surgeries for suspected pituitary adenomas, there was combined hyperplasia of both thyrotrophs and lactotrophs. Histologically, no adenomas were identified; however these were suspected clinically, radiologically and in 2 cases, and identified operatively as well [21]. In the previously mentioned autopsy study by Scheithauer et al. [52] on patients with primary hypothyroidism, 94% of the glands showed thyrotroph hyperplasia without significant mass formation and almost 20% demonstrated lactotroph hyperplasia.

It has been shown that pituitary hyperplasia can progress rapidly following the induction of a hypothyroid state. In a series of 14 patients by Shimono et al. [57] who underwent radioactive iodine ablation for distant metastasis for thyroid cancer, the hypothyroid patients had significantly larger pituitary volume both quantitatively and visually on MRI, in comparison to healthy euthyroid volunteers within 3-5 weeks of induction of hypothyroid state. Conversely, replacement with thyroid hormones has also been shown to decrease pituitary size, even as early as 1 week [27]. The rapid response within 1 week was hypothesized by the authors of this study to have been related with the use of high triiodothyronine load used to investigate for thyroid hormone resistance and replacement with high doses of supplemental thyroid hormone [27]. In the study by Shimono et al. [57], the pituitary size decreased 5 weeks after thyroid hormone replacement. Khawaja et al. [37] reported regression of pituitary hyperplasia in 85% of patients who had a follow-up MRI. Most patients will tend to respond anywhere between 4 weeks to 3 months, with documented regression in almost all cases. The same was true for our patient, who had a good response to replacement with thyroid hormone within 6 weeks. The molecular mechanisms underlying this effect of thyroid hormone causing regression of pituitary hyperplasia remains unknown and speculative. However, it may likely be similar to that of dopamine agonist therapy induced reduction in pituitary volume in prolactinomas [59].

4. Conclusion

Pituitary hyperplasia in primary hypothyroidism is not uncommon and pituitary enlargement can be frequently observed on imaging. However, imaging with CT or MRI may not be able to reliably differentiate between an adenoma and hyperplasia and biochemical testing should guide diagnosis and management. Both radiographic imaging results and biochemical testing results are essential prior to proceeding with surgical intervention. Patients with hypothyroidism, who have pituitary enlargement incidentally diagnosed on brain imaging for other reasons, should be treated with thyroid hormone replacement and close follow-up and with repeat imaging.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge Devin Bagec (University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington CT 06030), Sai Aparna Nelakanti, and MBBS (Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, UConn Health Center, Farmington CT 06030) who assisted in the writing of this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supplement: Table 2. Case reports and series of pituitary hyperplasia secondary to hypothyroidism: year published; age; number of patients; gender; initial TSH, PRL; imaging modality used and pituitary size; visual symptoms; pituitary size; and clinical outcome. (Supplementary Materials)

References

E. Horvath, K. Kovacs, and B. Scheithauer, “Pituitary hyperplasia,” Pituitary, vol. 1, no. 3/4, pp. 169–179, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. M. C. De Sousa, P. Earls, and A. I. McCormack, “Pituitary hyperplasia: case series and literature review of an under-recognised and heterogeneous condition,” Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports, vol. 1, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
N. A. Samaan, A. V. Stepanas, J. Danziger, and J. Trujillo, “Reactive pituitary abnormalities in patients with Klinefelter's and Turner's syndromes,” JAMA Internal Medicine, vol. 139, no. 2, pp. 198–201, 1979.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. W. Scheithauer, M. Moschopulos, K. Kovacs, B. S. Jhaveri, T. Percek, and R. V. Lloyd, “The pituitary in Klinefelter syndrome,” Endocrine Pathology, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 133–138, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. J. Winters, T. Vitaz, M. R. Nowacki, D. C. Craddock, C. Silverman, and F. A. Lopez, “Addison’s disease and pituitary enlargement,” The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, vol. 349, no. 6, pp. 526–529, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. R. Keye, B. H. Yuen, R. F. Knopf, and R. B. Jaffe, “Amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, and pituitary enlargement secondary to primary hypothyroidism: successful treatment with thyroid replacement,” Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 697–702, 1976.
View at: Google Scholar
A. G. Vagenakis, K. Dole, and L. E. Braverman, “Pituitary enlargement, pituitary failure, and primary hypothyroidism,” Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 195–198, 1976.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. H. Jawadi, L. B. Ballonoff, J. C. Stears, and F. H. Katz, “Primary hypothyroidism and pituitary enlargement: radiological evidence of pituitary regression,” Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 138, no. 10, pp. 1555–1557, 1978.
View at: Google Scholar
J. C. Pita, S. Shafey, and R. Pina, “Diminution of large pituitary tumor after replacement therapy for primary hypothyroidism,” Neurology, vol. 29, no. 8, p. 1169, 1979.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. S. Katz, R. I. Gregerman, E. Horvath, K. Kovacs, and C. Ezrin, “Thyrotroph cell adenoma of the human pituitary gland associated with primary hypothyroidism: clinical and morphological features,” Acta Endocrinologica, vol. 95, no. 1, pp. 41–48, 1980.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. J. Silver, J. L. Kyner, A. R. Dick, and C. H. J. Chang, “Primary hypothyroidism: suprasellar pituitary enlargement and regression on computed tomographic scanning,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 246, no. 4, pp. 364-365, 1981.
View at: Google Scholar
R. S. Gup, L. R. Sheeler, M. C. Maeder, and J. M. Tew, “PituitaRy enlargement and primary hypothyroidism: a report of two cases with sharply contrasting outcomes,” Neurosurgery, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 792–794, 1982.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. J. Valenta, J. Tamkin, R. Sostrin, A. N. Elias, and H. Eisenberg, “Regression of a pituitary adenoma following levothyroxine therapy of primary hypothyroidism,” Fertility and Sterility, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 389–392, 1983.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Khalil, K. Kovacs, A. A. Sima, G. N. Burrow, and E. Horvath, “Pituitary thyrotroph hyperplasia mimicking prolactin-secreting adenoma,” Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 399–404, 1984.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. R. Groff, B. L. Shulkin, R. D. Utiger, and L. M. Talbert, “Amenorrhea-galactorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, and suprasellar pituitary enlargement as presenting features of primary hypothyroidism,” Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 86S–89S, 1984.
View at: Google Scholar
L. T. Bilaniuk, T. Moshang, J. Cara et al., “Pituitary enlargement mimicking pituitary tumor,” Journal of Neurosurgery, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 39–42, 1985.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. J. Heyburn, O. M. Gibby, M. Hourihan, R. Hall, and M. F. Scanlon, “Primary hypothyroidism presenting as amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea with hyperprolactinaemia and pituitary enlargement,” British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.), vol. 292, no. 6536, pp. 1660-1661, 1986.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Christopoulos, “Primary hypothyroidism presenting as amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea with hyperprolactinaemia and pituitary enlargement,” British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.), vol. 293, no. 6547, pp. 624-625, 1986.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. R. Grubb, D. Chakeres, and W. B. Malarkey, “Patients with primary hypothyroidism presnting as prolactinomas,” American Journal of Medicine, vol. 83, no. 4, pp. 765–769, 1987.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Fujii, S. Misumi, K. Onoda, H. Fukuda, and Y. Ibuki, “Pituitary enlargement with target organ deficiency: hypothyroidism and hypogonadism,” World Neurosurgery, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 390–394, 1987.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. P. Pioro, B. W. Scheithauer, E. R. Laws Jr., R. V. Randall, K. T. Kovacs, and E. Horvath, “Combined thyrotroph and lactotroph cell hyperplasia simulating prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma in long-standing primary hypothyroidism,” World Neurosurgery, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 218–226, 1988.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Ahmed, M. Banna, N. Sakati, and N. Woodhouse, “Pituitary gland enlargement in primary hypothyroidism: a report of 5 cases with follow-up data,” Hormone Research, vol. 32, no. 5-6, pp. 188–192, 1989.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. W. Hutchins, J. V. Crues III, P. Miya, and K. W. Pojunas, “MR demonstration of pituitary hyperplasia and regression after therapy for hypothyroidism,” American Journal of Neuroradiology, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 410, 1990.
View at: Google Scholar
A. W. Chan, I. A. Macfarlane, P. M. Foy, and J. B. Miles, “Pituitary enlargement and hyperprolactinaemia due to primary hypothyroidism: errors and delays in diagnosis,” British Journal of Neurosurgery, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 107–112, 1990.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Fulcher, J. Roche, and A. McElduff, “Primary hypothyroidism with pituitary enlargement and a visual field abnormality,” Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 37–39, 1992.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. J. Wolansky, G. D. Leavitt, B. J. Elias, H. J. Lee, A. Dasmahapatra, and W. Byrne, “MRI of pituitary hyperplasia in hypothyroidism,” Neuroradiology, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 50–52, 1995.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. J. Sarlis, F. Brucker-Davis, J. L. Doppman, and M. C. Skarulis, “MRI-demonstrable regression of a pituitary mass in a case of primary hypothyroidism after a week of acute thyroid hormone therapy,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 82, no. 3, pp. 808–811, 1997.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Özbey, E. Sariyildiz, L. Yilmaz, Y. Orhan, E. Sencer, and S. Molvalilar, “Primary hypothyroidism with hyperprolactinaemia and pituitary enlargement mimicking a pituitary macroadenoma,” International Journal of Clinical Practice, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 409–411, 1997.
View at: Google Scholar
A. M. Alkhani, M. Cusimano, K. Kovacs, J. M. Bilbao, E. Horvath, and W. Singer, “Cytology of pituitary thyrotroph hyperplasia in protracted primary hypothyroidism,” The Pituitary Society, vol. 1, no. 3-4, pp. 291–295, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Young, K. Kattner, and K. Gupta, “Pituitary hyperplasia resulting from primary hypothyroidism mimicking macroadenomas,” British Journal of Neurosurgery, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 138–142, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Yamagishi and M. Yokoyama-Ohta, “A rare case of pituitary hyperplasia with suprasellar extension due to primary myxoedema: case report,” Journal of International Medical Research, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 49–52, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. C. Nicholas and W. F. Russell, “Primary hypothyroidism presenting as a pituitary mass,” Journal of the Mississippi State Medical Association, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 511–514, 2000.
View at: Google Scholar
S. M. Manocha, N. D. Moulick, and N. S. Shah, “Primary hypothyroidism presenting as a pituitary gland enlargement with regression following thyroxine therapy,” Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, vol. 48, no. 6, p. 651, 2000.
View at: Google Scholar
K. Hoogenberg and K. van Tol, “Pituitary hyperplasia during primary hypothyroidism,” Thyroid, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 831-832, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. M. Kroese, A. F. Grootendorst, and L. J. D. M. Schelfhout, “Postpartum amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea associated with hyperprolactinaemia and pituitary enlargement in primary hypothyroidism,” The Netherlands Journal of Medicine, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 28–30, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
A. S. Joshi and P. D. Woolf, “Pituitary hyperplasia secondary to primary hypothyroidism: a case report and review of the literature,” The Pituitary Society, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 99–103, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. M. Khawaja, B. M. Taher, M. E. Barham et al., “Pituitary enlargement in patients with primary hypothyroidism,” Endocrine Practice, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 29–34, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Passeri, A. Tufano, M. Locatelli, A. G. Lania, B. Ambrosi, and S. Corbetta, “Large pituitary hyperplasia in severe primary hypothyroidism,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 22-23, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Agrawal and S. Diwan, “Pituitary hyperplasia resulting from primary hypothyroidism,” Asian Journal of Neurosurgery, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 99-100, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Han, J. Wang, K. Shu, and T. Lei, “Pituitary tumorous hyperplasia due to primary hypothyroidism,” Acta Neurochirurgica, vol. 154, no. 8, pp. 1489–1492, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Rajput, A. Sehgal, and D. Gahlan, “Reversible thyrotroph hyperplasia with hyperprolactinemia: A rare presenting manifestation of primary hypothyroidism,” Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 16, no. 6, p. 1037, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Eiland, N. M. Oyesiku, J. C. Ritchie, S. Isaacs, and A. G. Ioachimescu, “Pathogenesis of marked pituitary enlargement and increased serum thyroid-stimulating hormone in primary hypothyroidism,” Thyroid, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 101-102, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. H. Kumar, A. Shaikh, I. Anwar, and P. Prusty, “Primary hypothyroidism presenting as pseudoacromegaly,” Pituitary, vol. 15, no. S1, pp. 49–52, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Dutta, I. Maisnam, S. Ghosh et al., “Panhypopituitarism with empty sella a sequel of pituitary hyperplasia due to chronic primary hypothyroidism,” Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 16, Supplement 2, p. S282, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
C. P. Neves, E. T. Massolt, R. P. Peeters et al., “Pituitary hyperplasia: an uncommon presentation of a common disease , Endocrinology,” Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports, no. 1, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Moumen and A. Meftah, “An unusual pituitary mass revealing a primary hypothyroidism!,” Clinics and Practice, vol. 5, no. 1, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
A. I. Siddiqi, J. Grieve, K. Miszkiel, and S. E. Baldeweg, “Tablets or scalpel: Pituitary hyperplasia due to primary hypothyroidism,” Radiology Case Reports, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 1099, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
A. L. Pappy, N. Oyesiku, and A. Ioachimescu, “Severe TSH elevation and pituitary enlargement after changing thyroid replacement to compounded T4/T3 therapy,” Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports, vol. 4, no. 3, Article ID 2324709616661834, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
M. S. Ansari and M. H. Almalki, “Primary hypothyroidism with markedly high prolactin,” Frontiers in Endocrinology, vol. 7, no. 35, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
P. P. Chakraborty, R. Bhattacharjee, A. Roy, and S. Chowdhury, “Pseudoacromegaly: an unusual presenting manifestation of long-standing undiagnosed primary hypothyroidism,” Postgraduate Medical Journal, vol. 93, no. 1104, pp. 639-640, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Niepce, “Traité du goitre et du crétinisme,” Baillère, 1851.
View at: Google Scholar
B. W. Scheithauer, K. Kovacs, R. V. Randall, and N. Ryan, “Pituitary gland in hypothyroidism. Histologic and immunocytologic study,” Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, vol. 109, no. 6, pp. 499–504, 1985.
View at: Google Scholar
P. Beck-Peccoz, F. Brucker-Davis, L. Persani, R. C. Smallridge, and B. D. Weintraub, “Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary tumors,” Endocrine Reviews, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 610–638, 1996.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Yamada, T. Tsukui, K. Ikejiri, Y. Yukimura, and M. Kotani, “Volume of sella turcica in normal subjects and in patients with primary hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 817–822, 1976.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. S. Honbo, A. J. Van Herle, and K. A. Kellett, “Serum prolactin levels in untreated primary hypothyroldism,” American Journal of Medicine, vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 782–787, 1978.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. J. Snyder, L. S. Jacobs, R. D. Utiger, and W. H. Daughaday, “Thyroid hormone inhibition of the prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone,” The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 2324–2329, 1973.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Shimono, H. Hatabu, K. Kasagi et al., “Rapid progression of pituitary hyperplasia in humans with primary hypothyroidism: demonstration with MR imaging,” Radiology, vol. 213, no. 2, pp. 383–388, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Langlois, J. B. Lamarche, and D. Bellabarba, “Long-standing goiter and hypothyroidism: an unusual presentation of a TSH-secreting adenoma,” Thyroid, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 329–335, 1996.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. T. Tindall, K. Kovacs, E. Horvath, and M. O. Thorner, “Presence of human prolactin-producing adenomas and bromocriptine: a histological, immunocytochemical, ultrastructural, and morphometric study,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 1178–1183, 1982.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2019 Prateek Shukla et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

7680

Downloads

1768

Citations