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Drug | Rate versus rhythm control | Class of recommendation/level of evidence | FDA category | Dosage | Adverse effects |
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Beta-blockers | Rate | Class IIa/C | C | |
Pregnancy: born small for gestational age, preterm birth, and perinatal mortality [1]. General: bradycardia, hypotension, AV block, bronchospasm |
Esmolol | | | | Loading: 0.5 mg/kg over 1 min. Maintenance: 0.06–0.2 mg/k/min |
Metoprolol | | | | 2.5–5 mg bolus over 2 min, up to 3 doses |
Propranolol | | | | 0.15 mg/kg |
Nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers | Rate | Class IIa/C | C | |
Pregnancy: increased risk of neonatal seizures, jaundice, and hematologic disorders [2]. General: hypotension, heart failure |
Diltiazem | | | | Loading: 0.25 mg/kg/dose over 2 min; may give a second dose at 0.35 mg/kg/dose. Maintenance: 5–15 mg/kg for <24 hr. |
Verapamil | | | | 0.075–0.15 mg/kg over 2 min |
|
Cardiac glycoside |
Digoxin | Rate | Class IIb/C | C | Loading: 0.25 mg IV every 2 h, up to 1.5 mg. Maintenance 0.125–0.375 mg daily IV or orally | Pregnancy: digitalis toxicity may cause fetal demise [3]. General: digitalis toxicity, heart block |
|
Class I C antiarrhythmic agent |
Flecainide | Rhythm | Class IIb/C | C | | General: heart block, ventricular arrhythmias, and heart failure |
|
Class III antiarrhythmic agent |
Ibutilide | Rhythm | Class IIb/C | C | 1 mg IV; may repeat dose if no response after 10 min | General: bradycardia, AV block, Torsades |
|
Adjunctive therapies |
Magnesium | | NA | B | 2 g over 15 min | General: respiratory depression |
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