Parastomal Varices with Recurrent Bleeding in the Absence of Liver Cirrhosis

Table 1

Summary of parastomal varices risk factors, presentation, and treatment [4–6].

Patient risk factors	Surgical risk factors	Appearance	Clinical presentation	Treatment
(i) Obesity; (ii) Malnutrition; (iii) Advanced age; (iv) Smoking; (v) Collagen abnormalities; (vi) Corticosteroid use; (vii) Postoperative wound sepsis; (viii) Ascites; (ix) Abdominal distention; (x) Chronic constipation; (xi) Obstructive uropathy; (xii) Chronic obstructive lung disease	(i) Inappropriate stoma site selection; (ii) Oversized fascial trephine; (iii) Excessive splitting and stretching of abdominal rectus muscle; (iv) Epigastric nerve denervation; (v) Emergency stoma creation	Circumferential blue or purple subcutaneous rings extending from the mucocutaneous junction of the subcutaneous stomal skin	(i) Peristomal esthetic complaints; (ii) Discomfort; (iii) Pain; (iv) Bowel obstruction; (v) Incarceration	(i) Prophylactic synthetic mesh placement; (ii) N-Butyl-2-cyanoacrylate glue injection; (iii) Single-digit compression; (iv) Sodium tetradecyl sulfate; (v) Polidocanol; (vi) 5% phenol; (vii) Nonselective beta-blockers; (viii) Liver transplant; (ix) Embolization; (x) Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt