Abstract
Staphylococcus lugdunensis, member to the group of coagulase-negative staphylococci, is previously thought to be rarely isolated. Recently other staphylococci have been described, which were supposedly related to S. lugdunensis, such as Staphylococcus pseudolugdunensis and Staphylococcus pettenkoferi. To decrease the rate misidentifications, an accurate identification method, such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry or molecular methods, should be used. S. lugdunensis is usually associated with severe infections similar to those caused by S. aureus. Moreover, it has been described that skin infections due to S. lugdunensis are severely underreported and could be also underreported in periprosthetic joint infections. Ours is the first case of a late periprosthetic infection of the hip due to S. lugdunensis, identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A periprosthetic infection due to S. lugdunensis should be treated according to protocols of S. aureus periprosthetic infections, and therefore an accurate species identification is desirable.
1. Introduction
Staphylococcus lugdunensis has been described as a rare pathogen, which causes diseases similar to those caused by Staphylococcus aureus [1]. The reaction with pyrrolidonyl arylamidase (PYR) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) has been described to distinguish S. lugdunensis from other staphylococci [2]. Nevertheless, a PYR-negative S. lugdunensis isolate has been recently described [3], and it is likely that also ODC-negative S. lugdunensis exits. Moreover, species supposedly related to S. lugdunensis, such as Staphylococcus pseudolugdunensis [4] and Staphylococcus pettenkoferi [5, 6], have been described. S. lugdunensis, identified by superior methods, such as the recently described matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry-(MALDI TOF MS-) based identification [7], could be used to redefine the species of S. lugdunensis and newly investigate their prevalence and pathogenicity.
2. Case Presentation
A 47-year-old male patient was hospitalized because of severe pain and swelling of the right leg.
A cementless total hip arthroplasty was implanted two and a half years before, due to a previous osteonecrosis of the femoral head. In addition, the patient suffered from noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus type 2 and hepatitis B. The computer tomography (CT) showed a large cystic formation ventral to the hip reaching the psoas muscle (Figure 1). The CRP was elevated 23-fold (CRP = 116 mg/L ) and in the puncture S. lugdunensis was cultured from several samples. CT-assisted drain was placed into the cyst and left for several days. A targeted antibiotic therapy with oxacillin (2 g every 8 h) and rifampicin (600 mg every 12 h) was intravenously started and switched to oral application and maintained for two months. During the antibiotic therapy the cystic lesion was decreasing.
Two months later the patient complained again about pain in the right hip. Plain radiographs showed no signs of loosening of the cup or the femoral stem. The CRP was elevated with 76 mg/L. A skeletal scintigram was performed. The enhancement of the synovia in the blood-pool phase and the increase of bone metabolism in the late phase of the bone scintigraphy were interpreted as a sign of a prosthetic infection. In the puncture of the joint itself S. lugdunensis was cultured as the causative pathogen again. In summary these results showed now a periprosthetic infection of the hip joint.
Therefore a two-staged revision of the prosthesis was performed. In the first stage, the prosthesis was explanted and replaced by a gentamicin-containing bone cement spacer into the acetabulum and a gentamicin-containing sponge into the femur. In an intraoperatively taken wound swab S. lugdunensis was cultured again. An antibiotic therapy was started with doxycycline (100 mg every 12 h) and rifampicin (600 mg every 12 h) and maintained for six weeks.
In the second stage four months later a conventional hip prosthesis was successfully reimplanted and doxycycline (100 mg every 12 h) and rifampicin (600 mg every 12 h) were administered for two weeks again. Another four weeks later the prosthetic hip joint was revised because of recurrent dislocations of the head out of the cup. No bacteria were cultured from several intraoperatively taken wound swabs nor significant elevations of the CRP were observed. In a clinical follow-up 15 months later the patient showed a fair function of the hip. Plain radiographs and blood test results also showed no evidence of a periprosthetic reinfection.
2.1. Species Identification in Our Case
Staphylococci were primarily identified by typical colony morphology and odor and were suspected as S. lugdunensis. Staphylococci were then misidentified by the GPI card by the Vitek-2 automated identification system (bioMérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France). MALDI-TOF MS identified these staphylococci as S. lugdunensis (Figure 2). The species was confirmed by amplification of the species-specific tanA and fbl gene as previously described [7–9]. In vitro susceptibility testing was performed by the AST-580 card by the Vitek-2 automated identification system (bioMérieux). An additional PCR was used to rule out the presence of a mecA gene.
3. Discussion
3.1. Importance of Accurate Species Identification in Periprosthetic Infections
In the few published literature concerning S. lugdunensis caused prosthetic infections mostly knee and other prosthetic sites rather than hip arthroplasties were included [1, 10]. Up to now, data on periprosthetic hip infection due to S. lugdunensis is scarce. Within the group of CoNS, S. epidermidis has been reported to be an important pathogen in prosthetic joint infections. The contribution as a causative pathogen has been also discussed controversially [11], since S. lugdunensis is thought to be part of the normal skin flora, isolated primarily from lower abdomen and extremities [12]. An ica-dependent and an ica-independentbiofilms havebeen described, and these biofilms were discussed as a pathogenicity factor in biomaterial-associated infections [13]. Unexpectedly, data on pathogenicity factors of S. lugdunensis is scarce. Only a few reports have been described with regard to fibrinogen-binding adhesins [14, 15] and an S. lugdunensis synergistic hemolysin (SLUSH). The genome of a clinical strain of S. lugdunensis has been newly published and reveals a variety of pathogenicity factors such as the presence of a toxin pathogenicity island and further putative adhesins [16]. Notably, only 28% of the S. lugdunensis strains bind to fibrinogen [3], indicating differences between S. lugdunensis isolates with regard to binding to extracellular matrix proteins and their supposed pathogenicity. Since a long time S. lugdunensis is thought to be a rare but significant pathogen [1], but recently it was reported that skin and soft tissue infections due to S. lugdunensis are often underreported [17]. Typical morphological characteristics of this bacterium, such as a characteristic odor and a strong hemolysis after 48 h of incubation, have been described, which could help to increase the identification of S. lugdunensis [17]. In addition, the reaction with pyrrolidonyl arylamidase (PYR) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) has been described to distinguish S. lugdunensis from other staphylococci [2]. In contrast to this, a PYR-negative S. lugdunensis isolate has recently been reported [3], indicating that a significant amount of stains will be misidentified using the latter strategy. An ODC-negative S. lugdunensis has not been reported yet, but it is likely that such isolates also exit. Since S. lugdunensis usually is confirmed by a positive ODC reaction, previously identified collections likely do not contain an ODC-negative isolate per enclosure definition. Moreover, supposedly related new species have been described, such as S. pettenkoferi [5, 6] and S. pseudolugdunensis [4]. Some isolates of S. lugdunensis could be misidentified as other coagulase-negative staphylococci, especially when only a biochemical identification was performed.
Prosthetic joint infections can be classified in early infections, delayed infections, and late infections [18]. Early infections occur within three to four weeks. Delayed infections were defined as those up to 12 months, and late infections were defined as those occurring after more than 12 months [19]. Early and delayed infections are thought to be associated with pathogens introduced at the time of surgery, whereas late infections are discussed to be haematogenously acquired [19]. Staphylococci are most frequently isolated. For instance, coagulase negative staphylococci account for about 30% of infections in knee arthroplasty [20]. S. aureus is the most common haematogenously transmitted pathogen in all periprosthetic infections [19]. In many clinical microbiological laboratories coagulase negative staphylococci were identified by basic biochemical methods or supposedly specific reactions, such as PYR and ODC. A presumptive species identification using such methods is suitable for many staphylococcal species, but with an accuracy below of that of MALDI TOF MS and other molecular methods [3, 21]. This lower accuracy, depending on the sample type, is usually believed to be sufficient. In case of prosthetic or periprosthetic infections due to suspected S. lugdunensis, these isolates should be confirmed by molecular methods [8, 9, 22] or by MALDI TOF MS, which has been described as an easy-to-handle, fast, and reliable method for the identification of staphylococci [7, 21, 23].
3.2. Microbiological Sampling and Surgical Management
One of the most important tests in the evaluation of a potential periprosthetic infection is culture of aspirated fluids and tissue samples. The positive predictive value of microbiologic culture is low, when performed in all patients before revision total hip arthroplasty, even when the clinical features did not necessarily suggest infection [24]. In a later study the positive predictive value of microbiologic culture was significantly higher in a collection of knee arthroplasties. This difference was discussed as a potential difference between knee and hip arthroplasties. On the other hand, the prevalence of infection in the second study was clearly higher (29%) compared to the first study with 2%. This also indicates that the positive predictive value of microbiologic culture is low, if solely used as a screening test for infection instead of as a confirmatory test for patients in whom clinical findings have raised the suspicion of infection [25]. When the culture results were correlated to the erythrocyte sedimentation rate or CRP, the sensitivity could be also increased [26]. In case of suspected periprosthetic infections it is recommended that five distinct intraoperative samples should be taken with separate instruments. An indistinguishable organism from at least three samples is strongly associated with infection. If a periprosthetic infection of the hip is diagnosed, the surgeon has to choose the optimal therapeutic strategy for the individual patient. For instance, limited surgical management involved debridement of a joint with exchange of modular components but retaining the prosthesis itself, combined with prolonged antibiotic therapy [19]. Prosthetic infections due to S. aureus seem to be associated with a higher rate of failure, when a limited strategy was compared to revision arthroplasty [27]. S. lugdunensis is often associated with severe clinical diseases similar to infections caused by S. aureus [1]. Therefore we performed a staged revision hip arthroplasty and not a limited surgical procedure in the reported case. Up to now, the treatment was successful, and there are no signs of a reinfection of the hip.
4. Conclusion
Periprosthetic hip infections due to S. lugdunensis are rarely reported. Depending on the identifying algorithm used in diagnostic laboratories, S. lugdunensis could be underreported or misidentified as other coagulase negative staphylococci. Identification of staphylococci using MALDI-TOF MS is straightforward, and the identification accuracy is equivalent to molecular methods. Therefore, these methods should be used for species identification of coagulase negative staphylococci rather than a previously described biochemical identification. S. lugdunensis is an important and often underestimated pathogen in severe skin and soft tissue infection, therefore, it seems to be likely that this pathogen is also underestimated in prosthetic and periprosthetic infections of the hip. Periprosthetic hip infections due to S. lugdunensis should be investigated in further detail to gain insights into the pathogenicity of this outstanding pathogen.
Conflict of Interests
The authors certify that there is no actual or potential conflict in relation to this paper.