First Trimester Typhoid Fever with Vertical Transmission of Salmonella Typhi, an Intracellular Organism

Table 1

Organisms that invade the placenta to cause fetal damage and maternal complications are all intracellular for a portion of their lifecycles.

Bacteria	Parasites	Viruses*
Brucella spp. (F)	Leishmania spp. (O)	Cytomegalovirus (O)
Coxiella burnetii (F)	Plasmodium falciparum (O)	Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (O)
Listeria monocytogenes (F)	Toxoplasma gondii (O)	Parvovirus B19 (O)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (F)	Trypanosoma cruzi (F)	Rubella virus (O)
Treponema pallidum (E)		Varicella zoster virus (O)
Salmonellae (F)

O: obligate intracellular. F: facultative intracellular. E: mainly extracellular, but intracellular is documented.
Many other intracellular organisms including Babesia spp., Coxsackie B virus, Japanese Encephalovirus, Leptospira spp., Wuchereria bancrofti, Candida spp., Pasteurella, Shigella, Campylobacter, nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. and many gingival bacteria including Fusobacterium nucleatum merit further study because of human case reports and/or animal studies.
∗Epstein-Barr virus, Hepatitis B virus, HIV, and HSV are transmitted perinatally, but rarely cross the placenta.