Acute Kidney Injury, Recurrent Seizures, and Thrombocytopenia in a Young Patient with Lupus Nephritis: A Diagnostic Dilemma

Figure 3

Diagnostic approach for the evaluation of possible PRES in patients with baseline autoimmune disease. It needs more than 2 criteria present for kidney biopsy. MRI: magnetic resonance; MAP: mean arterial blood pressure; PRES: posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome; BP: blood pressure; TIA: transient ischemic attack. Lupus Erythematous, antiphospholipid syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa, cryoglobulinemia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, scleroderma, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, antiglomerular basement membrane antibody disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren syndrome, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, autoimmune hepatitis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, Grave’s disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis, and neuromyelitis optica. , nicardipine, labetalol, nitroprusside, enalaprilat, or hydralazine. <9cm, solitary native kidney, multiple, bilateral cysts, or renal tumor; uncorrectable bleeding diathesis, severe hypertension or hemodynamic instability, hydronephrosis, active renal infection, skin infection over biopsy site, severe anatomic abnormalities, and uncooperative patient. hypertension defined as follows: no need for BP control unless SBP >220 mmHg, DBP >120 mmHg, and patient has active ischemic coronary disease, heart failure, aortic dissection, acute renal failure, hypertensive encephalopathy, preeclampsia/eclampsia, or indications for thrombolytic therapy (maintaining BP <185/110 mmHg).