Abstract
Myofibroblastoma of the breast is a rare benign spindle cell tumor. The main aim of this study is to review the literature of this rare tumor. We present a case of a mammary myofibroblastoma occurring in an 82-year-old man, emphasizing the clinical, radiological, and pathological features. The tumor was successfully identified and managed in our hospital. We would like to draw the attention of clinicians to myofibroblastoma as a rare possibility in the differential diagnosis of a breast mass.
1. Introduction
Recently, it has been confirmed that mammary myofibroblastoma belongs to the category of the benign mesenchymal tumors showing deletion of 13q14 region, together with spindle cell lipoma and cellular angiofibroma [1].
Myofibroblastoma was first reported by Wargotz et al. in 1987, as a benign spindle cell tumor of the breast with myofibroblastic features [2]. Only a few cases of this tumor have been reported in the English literature, so that the report of a new case gave us the opportunity to review the clinical management of myofibroblastoma.
2. Case Presentation
An 82-year-old man presented to the low-risk breast clinic with a few days’ history of a tender lump in his left breast. He gave no family history of breast or ovarian cancer and was a nonsmoker. He suffered from ischemic heart disease and was on medications for benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Physical examination revealed a 20 mm smooth, mobile mass E2, situated asymmetrically behind the left areola at the 11 o’clock position, towards the upper inner quadrant of the breast tissue. This was nontender and there was no associated axillary lymphadenopathy. In addition, there was mild, diffuse, clinically benign gynecomastia on the right breast.
Ultrasound scan examination showed the symptomatic lesion of the left breast as a 16 × 15 mm rounded hypoechoic mass U3 (Figure 1). There was no evidence of gynecomastia.
A USS guided core biopsy was carried out from the mass. Histological examination confirmed a well-circumscribed mesenchymal lesion consisting of bland-looking spindle-shaped cells arranged in interlacing short bundles interrupted by keloidal-like, brightly eosinophilic collagen bands. No atypia or mitotic activity was seen.
Immunohistochemistry showed a positive reaction with alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA), desmin, and CD34. Neoplastic cells were also positive for estrogen receptor (ER), but they were negative with MNF116, S100, and p63. Based on these morphological and immunohistochemical features, the diagnosis of “classic type myofibroblastoma of the breast was rendered”.
Options of treatment were discussed with the patient; the patient opted for excision of the mass.
Uneventful excision was performed from which the patient made a rapid and uncomplicated recovery.
Macroscopic examination revealed a circumscribed tumor mass measuring 15 mm in greatest diameter, with a specimen weight of 2.75 grams.
Histological examination showed a well-circumscribed mesenchymal tumor with features similar to those of the relative core biopsy. It consisted of short fascicles of spindle cells with pale cytoplasm and oval nuclei, with interspersed thick collagen bands. Although the tumor was moderately cellular, there was neither nuclear atypia nor mitoses (Figure 2(a)). Immunohistochemistry studies showed positive CD34 (Figure 2(b)), moderately positive for desmin, SMA, and ER (Figure 2(c)), and diffuse immunoreactivity for vimentin (Figure 2(d)). Pancytokeratin staining was negative, while CD31 highlighted intratumoral blood vessels.
(a) H&E staining
(b) Positive CD34
(c) ER positive
(d) Vimentin
3. Discussion and Literature Review
Myofibroblasts play an important role in the response to tissue injury. Damaged cells and some malignant tumor cells produce cytokines, particularly transforming growth factor β1, causing fibroblasts to migrate into the injured tissue. They begin to develop smooth muscle actin fibers, and they are transformed into myofibroblasts with contractile ability. Contraction of injured tissue speeds the processes of healing and repair [3].
Myofibroblastoma has recently been described as a rare benign mesenchymal tumor which usually occurs in the breast parenchyma of both females and males [4]. Most cases of myofibroblastoma occur most often in women and men aged 40–87 years. It tends to affect older men and postmenopausal women [5–8]. Characteristically, these lesions present as a solitary, painless, firm, and freely mobile mass which grows slowly for several months or years [8, 9]. It can exhibit a wide range of histological patterns including the following: collagenized/fibrous, cellular, lipomatous, infiltrative, myxoid, epithelioid, and deciduoid-like variant [10, 11].
Histologically, myofibroblastoma is composed of bipolar spindle-shaped cells arranged in short intersecting fascicles interrupted by keloidal-like eosinophilic collagen bands. Mammary ducts or lobules are characteristically absent. Macroscopically, the cut surface shows a well-demarcated pale pink or tan round mass [8–11]. Immunohistochemically, myofibroblastoma is positive for vimentin and CD34 and variably positive for desmin and SMA. It is also positive for CD10, CD99, estrogen, progesterone receptors, and bcl-2 protein and only focally positive for h-caldesmon. S100 protein, HMB-45, epithelial markers (EMA and pancytokeratins), and C-kit (CD117) are consistently negative. Immunohistochemical results are consistent with the fibroblastic/myofibroblastic nature of the neoplastic cells [1, 12–15]. Unlike mammary-type myofibroblastoma, myofibroblastoma that primarily arises in the lymph nodes exhibits nuclear palisading. Some reported cases represent a hitherto unreported variant of mammary-type myofibroblastoma closely mimicking schwannoma [16].
The appearances of myofibroblastoma on imaging are nonspecific. On sonography, it shows a homogeneously hypoechoic well-circumscribed solid mass which resembles fibroadenoma. The mammographic findings usually consist of a well-circumscribed round or oval dense and noncalcified mass [17]. The MRI finding (although not often done) shows a homogeneously enhanced mass with internal septations [18–22]. Most reported cases vary between 10 and 37 mm in size although much larger tumors have recently been described [23, 24].
Given the nonspecific radiological appearances, the final diagnosis of myofibroblastoma requires a needle core biopsy. Myofibroblastoma can be treated with local excision mainly for symptomatic relief; local recurrence is not a recognized feature of myofibroblastoma [8, 9].
4. Conclusion
Myofibroblastoma is a rare breast tumor occurring in both postmenopausal women and elderly men. Triple assessment by clinical examination, ultrasound scanning, and needle core biopsy will lead to an accurate diagnosis. Recurrence is unlikely following excision with clear resection margins.
We would like to draw the attention of clinicians to myofibroblastoma as a rare possibility in the differential diagnosis of a breast mass with well-circumscribed margins.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that there are no competing interests regarding the publication of this paper.