Abstract
Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is an oncological emergency caused by massive cytolysis of malignant cells. This syndrome eventually induces metabolic abnormalities. TLS is observed mainly among tumors with rapid cell proliferation or high sensitivity to antineoplastic treatment. In rare cases, TLS occurs without any cytotoxic treatment. Previous reports have shown that alternative stress including proceeding infection or an operation might play a role in TLS. However, exact mechanism of spontaneous TLS remains unknown. Here, we describe a case of a 59-year-old woman who presented with dedifferentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma and developed TLS without any cytotoxic chemotherapy. Although spontaneous TLS in solid malignancies are extremely rare, clinicians should consider the possibilities of TLS especially in aggressive solid tumors.
1. Background
Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a life-threatening oncological emergency. Rapid cell death releases a large amount of nucleic acids, proteins, and electrolytes, leading to metabolic abnormalities such as hyperuricemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, and hypocalcemia [1]. This syndrome was first reported in 1929 [2] and has been commonly recognized as one of the comorbidities after chemotherapy. The key factors of TLS include a short doubling time, rapid proliferation, large tumor burden, disseminated tumor, and high sensitivity to antineoplastic drugs. However, it has been reported that some cases without therapeutic intervention would develop the TLS. Particularly, in hematological malignancies, there have been some cases of TLS. Spontaneous TLS cases in solid malignancy is extremely rare. Here, we present a rare case of dedifferentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma with spontaneous TLS.
2. Case Presentation
A 59-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of an 8-day history of fever and malaise. Her medical history included hypertension without medication. Upon admission, her vital parameters were blood pressure of 107/73 mmHg, pulse rate of 111 bpm, and body temperature of 37.0°C. She was alert (Glasgow coma scale; E4V5M6). She had a distended abdomen without tenderness. Pitting edema of the dorsum of the feet was seen. Other physical examinations were unremarkable. Laboratory tests (Table 1) showed an elevated white blood cell (WBC) count of 19300/μL (normal range: 3200–9800/μL), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity of 444 IU/L (normal range: 100–250 IU/L), and C-reactive protein level of 14.48 mg/dL (normal range: 0.00–0.30 mg/dL). Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) antibodies were positive without abnormal lymphocytes. Obtained blood and urinary culture revealed no pathogens.
She was treated with hydration and ceftriaxone for the suspicion of urinary tract infection. Fever continued and urinary output declined gradually. Investigation by computed tomography revealed multiple masses in the uterus, ascites, disseminated small nodules, and right hydronephrosis because of the tumor. No atrophy was seen in either kidney. Cytomorphological evaluation of ascites revealed large atypical cells. These cells were scattered with loose adhesion mimicking malignant lymphoma (Figure 1(a)). Based on the cytological evaluation and positivity for HTLV-1 antibodies, she was suspected to have malignant lymphoma. Then, she was referred to hematology department.
On day 5 in hospital (the first day in the hematology department), her performance status was 3 (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group). Her malaise and fever were sustained, and she developed anuria. Reevaluation of the laboratory tests showed elevated uric acid 18.8 mg/dL (normal range: <6.8 mg/dL), creatinine of 5.18 (normal range: <0.80 mg/dL), and LDH activity of 622 IU/L. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy was also diagnosed (Table 1). We diagnosed the tumor lysis syndrome and she was treated with furosemide and rasburicase. Anuria did not improve despite these treatments, and continuous hemodialysis was induced.
On day 6 in hospital, she experienced a sudden cardiopulmonary arrest. Although cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed, she expired. Autopsy indicated pulmonary embolism without intravascular invasion of tumor cells. Pathological evaluation for uterus showed differentiated endometrioid adenocarcinoma component with squamous differentiation (Figures 1(d), 1(e), and 1(f)) and undifferentiated carcinoma component (Figures 1(g), 1(h), and 1(i)). Epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) expression was diffusely positive in differentiated endometrioid adenocarcinoma lesion (Figure 1(e), arrowhead) but negative for undifferentiated carcinoma lesion (Figure 1(h)). On the other hand, vimentin staining was negative in differentiated adenocarcinoma lesion (Figure 1(f), arrowhead) and positive in undifferentiated carcinoma lesion (Figure 1(i)). Neuroendocrine tumor constitution was not observed. Diagnosis of the uterine tumor indicated dedifferentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma (DEAC). Disseminated malignant cells were also observed in her lungs, liver, greater omentum, and mesentery. These lesions showed invasion of round cells like those seen in ascites. The MIB-1 (proliferative) index was approximately 60%. Microcalcification was seen in proximal tubules to collecting ducts of bilateral kidneys (Figure 1(j)). Final diagnosis was spontaneous TLS caused by DEAC of the uterus.
3. Discussion
TLS usually refers to the constellation of metabolic disturbances that may follow the initiation of cancer treatment. The incidence of TLS has been reported as 4%–42% [28]. The variation of incidence depends on the types of malignancy. The TLS consensus panel recommended the risk-stratified prevention of TLS. In view of pathogenesis, the risk factors of TLS include tumor-related intrinsic and host-related extrinsic factors. Tumor-related intrinsic factors include a high proliferation rate, and host-related extrinsic factors are age, volume depletion, WBC count, and renal function [1]. Based on a PubMed search, at least 28 cases of spontaneous TLS have been reported in patients with solid tumors (Table 2). The literature search was using PubMed with the following medical keywords: spontaneous and tumor lysis syndrome} OR TLS}. These previous cases showed that several types of tumors have been reported to date. Contrary to the case of aggressive hematological tumors, not all cases have exhibited high proliferation. Although pathological findings of our case revealed high MIB-1 index, this value is not so high compared to that of hematological malignancies. These cases might have the host-related extrinsic factors. Some cases have been reported to be caused by host-related factors such as proceeding infection [29], the contrast dye iohexol [30], operations [31], and even anesthesia [32]. Our case has no apparent coexisting risks and we finally diagnosed her as having spontaneous TLS.
DEAC of the uterus is defined as containing both a low-grade endometrioid adenocarcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma population. It has been reported as a rare but highly aggressive uterine cancer [33]. The undifferentiated component of DEAC sometimes can be confused with other tumors including lymphoma [34]. Taraif et al. reported that 80% of patients with DEAC die within 12 months of diagnosis [35]. Our case exhibited highly aggressive clinical course, as was suggested in several previous reports.
In conclusion, we experienced the extremely rare case of spontaneous TLS with DEAC. In the cases with DEAC, clinicians should pay attention to spontaneous TLS. Further investigations for new strategy to treat DEAC patients are needed.
Conflicts of Interest
None of the authors have any conflicts of interest associated with this report.