Abstract
Keratoconus and central serous chorioretinopathy are two rare diseases. They can occur together in some individuals. We report a case of a 48-year-old man, who presented to our clinic with decreased visual acuity on his left eye. Physical examination, biomicroscopy, corneal topography, and optical coherence tomography revealed keratoconus and central serous chorioretinopathy. We discuss the possible connection between these two conditions.
1. Introduction
Keratoconus causes visual loss due to increasing irregular corneal astigmatism and affects 86 in 100,000 people [1]. It is an idiopathic, noninflammatory, progressive corneal ectasia characterized by bilateral, usually asymmetric thinning of the cornea [2]. The onset typically is in teenage years, and it is much less common in middle-aged and elderly individuals [3, 4]. While it often presents as an isolated condition, keratoconus may also be associated with many systemic disorders and/or ocular diseases [5].
Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a major cause of vision threat among middle-aged male individuals [6]. It is a secondary idiopathic serous neurosensory detachment, believed to be due to a leakage of fluid from the choroid through tight junctions between adjacent retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) [7]. Its precise pathogenesis is unknown, but there are some possible risk factors relating to the occurrence of CSC, such as H. pylori infection, steroid use, sleep disorders, autoimmune disease, psychotropic medication use, and type-A behavior [8]. To the best of our knowledge, no association between CSC and corneal diseases has been described. Here, we present the case of a patient with keratoconus and central serious chorioretinopathy (CSC).
2. Case Report
2.1. History
A 48-year-old male was referred to our ophthalmology clinic with decreased visual acuity on the left eye. His medical history included Crohn’s disease since 2005, seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and prostate cancer status post prostatectomy in 2016. He had been treated with methylprednisolone intermittently therapy for the last 4 years. Five years ago, he had an episode of episcleritis treated with dexamethasone (1%) drops. He was very anxious. His family history was unremarkable.
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Entrance Tests, Refraction, and Binocularity
Best corrected distance visual acuity was 10/10 in the right eye and 2/10 in the left eye (Snellen chart). Ocular motility was normal. Visual fields were intact to confrontation visual field exam (Donders’ test). His pupils were equal, round, and reactive to light, with no afferent pupillary defect. Color vision discrimination, using the Ishihara color vision test, showed normal color vision in each eye. The red-cap color comparison was equal between the two eyes. Automated keratometry revealed of -1.00 sph and -1.50 cyl at 90° in the right eye and -5.00 cyl at 120° in the left eye.
2.2.2. Biomicroscopy
The eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, iris, and anterior chamber appeared normal. Anterior segment biomicroscopy showed mild corneal thinning inferior to the pupil in the left eye. There were no other signs of keratoconus (Fleischer’s ring, Vogt’s striae, Rizzuti’s sign, oil drop). There was no stromal edema or corneal opacities in either eye. He had incipient posterior subcapsular cataract in both eyes. Fundus examination of both eyes was normal. Vitreous, optic nerves, vasculature, and peripheral retina in both eyes were unremarkable and normal for his age. The intraocular pressure (as measured by Goldmann applanation tonometry) was 30 mmHg in the right eye and 28 mmHg in the left eye.
2.2.3. Corneal Topography and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
The anterior surface corneal topography of the left eye showed normal K1 and K2 values, but the difference between Kmax-K2 was >1D. For the right eye, the simulated minimum keratometry reading had normal K1 and K2 values and the difference between Kmax-K2 was abnormal as the left eye. Secondary, Kmax (do)-Kmax (so) was >2D. Corneal pachymetry measurements at the thinnest locations were 477 microns and 504 microns for the left and right eye, respectively (Figure 1).
(a)
(b)
The OCT examination demonstrated fluid accumulation between the interdigitation zone (IZ) and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) as well as increased choroidal thickness. The junction between photoreceptor inner and outer segments (IS/OS) was not detected in the detached neurosensory retina. The outer photoreceptor layer of the detached neurosensory retina above the clear subretinal space was irregularly thickened and granulated (Figure 2(a)). The retinal thickness ILM was increased in the horizontal meridian (Figure 2(b)).
(a)
(b)
Clinical findings were characteristic of keratoconus, central serious chorioretinopathy, and elevated intraocular pressure, as a result of steroid therapy.
2.3. Treatment
Aldosterone antagonists are effective in decreasing subretinal fluid and improving visual acuity in patients with CSC 9. We prescribed the selective aldosterone antagonist eplerenone which is associated with a favorable side effect profile. Beta blockers are not the most potent medication of IOP lowering, but they are efficacious, well tolerated by most patients and a low cost-effective choice, making them a good choice as a first-line agent in case of the absence of any contraindications. They induce b receptor blockage which lowers aqueous humor formation and secretion especially during daytime [9, 10]. Timolol is one of the most popular and prescribed antiglaucoma beta blocker agents, as a first-line drug in most forms of open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension [11]. Our patient had elevated IOP due to chronic use of systemic steroids as part of treatment for his Crohn’s disease. Given the necessity for ongoing steroid therapy, we elected to prescribe timolol to lower IOP (probably steroid responder). Spectacles were, also, prescribed for keratoconus to improve his vision [3].
3. Discussion
This case report demonstrates the coexistence of keratoconus and central serous chorioretinopathy to the left eye of a 48-year-old Caucasian male with Crohn’s disease. Keratoconus and CSC are diseases that affect different parts of the eye.
Keratoconus may be associated with many systemic disorders such as diabetes, asthma, Down syndrome, collagen vascular disease, and sleep apnea [12]. There are some strong associations between keratoconus and several autoimmune diseases and allergic disorders [13]. Furthermore, patients with inflammatory bowel diseases may have an increased risk of keratoconus [14].
The main treatment of inflammatory bowel disease is corticosteroids. They are administered topically, orally, or intravenously and rapidly and consistently improve moderate to severe active ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease [15]. There is no known association between corticosteroids and keratoconus. In vitro trials of dexamethasone on human cornea showed that dexamethasone significantly increases keratocyte proliferation, but it also induces apoptosis of cultured keratocytes at any concentration [16]. Keratocyte apoptosis is associated with keratoconus, in which keratocyte density is lower compared to healthy controls [17, 18]. On the other hand, central serous chorioretinopathy has been associated with most routes of steroid administration. The majority of the literature on CSC and steroid medication suggests a significant association [19]. At the current time, the pathophysiology of CSC is poorly understood [11].
To our knowledge, there is no direct association between these two conditions. The subfoveal choroid is diffusely thickened in patients with CSC likely because of the choroidal vascular dilatation [20, 21]. In addition, the subfoveal choroid in keratoconus eyes is thicker than that in healthy population [22, 23].
A genetic disorder could better explain the coexistence of keratoconus and central serous chorioretinopathy, especially in predisposed individuals. Keratoconus is associated with extensive alteration in the expression of genes coding collagen type IV, fibronectin, laminin, lysyl oxidase, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP-3) involved in cell-matrix, cell-cell interactions, massive changes of the cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix remodeling, and transmembrane signaling [24, 25].
The TIMPs are multifunctional proteins, with different cellular effects which are not well understood. TIMP-3 is the only TIMP protein that binds tightly to the extracellular matrix [26]. Immunohistochemistry showed TIMP3 immunostaining was dense, specifically localized in Bruch’s membrane and some choroidal vascular basement membranes [27]. Increased expression of TIMP3 could contribute to the activation of apoptotic cell death processes through restructuring of the architecture, and disruption of photoreceptor—matrix interactions. Altered expression of TIMP-3 could modify the RPE basement membrane, causing variation in the pigment epithelial integrity. These observations could explain the disturbance of the outer blood–retinal barrier [28].
Reduced expression of some proteins to RPE due to genetic disorders could explain a relationship between the two diseases, potentially reflecting a dysfunction of epithelial layers and basement membranes [29–31]. More studies are necessary to elucidate a possible connection between these diseases.
4. Conclusion
According to the literature, there is no known association between keratoconus and CSC. Genetic predisposition seems to be a plausible mechanism to explain the occurrence of both conditions on the same individual. More studies are necessary to elucidate the possible connection between these diseases.
Abbreviations
| CSC: | Central serous chorioretinopathy |
| IZ: | Interdigitation zone |
| IOP: | Intraocular pressure |
| IS/OS: | Inner and outer |
| OCT: | Optical coherence tomography |
| RPE: | Retinal pigment epithelium. |
Consent
The patient consented to the publication of the case in writing.
Disclosure
All authors attest that they meet the current ICMJE criteria for authorship.
Conflicts of Interest
None of the authors have financial disclosures.