Osseous Metaplasia of the Cervix: A Rare Transformation Can Mimic a Tumor—Literature Review

Table 1

Literature review.

Case	Study	Patient age	Clinical presentation	Related medical history	Imaging findings	Associated OM of the uterus
1	Bhatia and Hoshiko, 1982 [5]	24	Hypomenorrhea, and intermenstrual bleeding	One elective abortion	Pelvic x-ray showed foci of calcifications Pelvic CT showed an amorphous irregularly defined, lobulated, soft tissue density in the pelvis with central areas of calcification Transvaginal ultrasound could not be inserted beyond cervical canal because of hard resistance	Yes
2	Bedaiwy et al., 2001 [6]	31	Passing small pieces of white hard material and dyspareunia	Two abortions, one elective and another spontaneous. CIN stage III treated with LEEP	Transvaginal ultrasound revealed a dense echogenic area in the cervix and the lower uterine segment consistent with calcification	No
3	Sabatini et al., 2001 [7]	22	Postcoital bleeding and dyspareunia	One previous elective abortion and CIN stage II which was treated	NA	No
4	Cicinelli et al., 2005 [8]	41	Pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea and primary; infertility	Current endocervctis with group B strep	NA	No
5	Polat et al., 2011 [9]	31	Infertility	Two previous elective abortions	Transvaginal ultrasound examination showed a highly echogenic focus that extended from the cervical region through the posterior wall of the endometrium.	Yes
6	Mandato et al., 2012 [10]	19	Vaginal discharge	One spontaneous abortion, HIV and HPV infections, and recurrent vaginitis	NA	No
7	Giannella et al., 2014 [11]	25	Hypomenorrhea, intermenstrual bleeding, and pelvic pain	Underwent LEEP 12 months ago for high grade CIN	Transvaginal ultrasound showed an image compatible with hematometra	No
8	Elkattan et al., 2015 [12]	30	Infertility, postcoital bleeding, and dyspareunia	NA	NA	No
9	Alsaqobi and Al- Brahim, 2018 (the present study)	23	Irregular vaginal bleeding, vaginal discharge, abdominal pain and an unusual sensation of a mass	NA	Transvaginal ultrasound showed a hyperechoic cervix	No

NA: not available; CIN: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; LEEP: loop electrosurgical excision procedure; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; HPV: human papilloma virus.