Primary Neuroendocrine Tumor of the Left Hepatic Duct: A Case Report with Review of the Literature

Bhandarwar, Ajay H.; Shaikh, Taher A.; Borisa, Ashok D.; Palep, Jaydeep H.; Patil, 
							Arun S.; Manke, Aditya A.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/786432

Case Reports in Surgery

On this page

Abstract Introduction Case Report Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Case Report | Open Access

Volume 2012 | Article ID 786432 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/786432

Primary Neuroendocrine Tumor of the Left Hepatic Duct: A Case Report with Review of the Literature

Ajay H. Bhandarwar,¹Taher A. Shaikh,¹Ashok D. Borisa,¹Jaydeep H. Palep,¹ Arun S. Patil,¹and Aditya A. Manke¹

Academic Editor: M. Ganau, T. Çolak

Received29 Apr 2012

Accepted29 Aug 2012

Published18 Nov 2012

Abstract

Primary Biliary Tract Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) are extremely rare tumors with only 77 cases been reported in the literature till now. We describe a case of a left hepatic duct NET and review the literature for this rare malignancy. To the best of our knowledge the present case is the first reported case of a left hepatic duct NET in the literature. In spite of availability of advanced diagnostic tools like Computerized Tomography (CT) Scan and Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio Pancreaticography (ERCP) a definitive diagnosis of these tumors is possible only after an accurate histopathologic diagnosis of operative specimens with immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Though surgical excision remains the gold standard treatment for such tumors, patients with unresectable tumors have good survival with newer biologic agents like Octreotride.

1. Introduction

NET is derived from the embryonal neural crest cells called Argentaffin or Kulchitsky cells and have a potential for secreting serotonin. This tumor can arise anywhere in the distribution of the Argentaffin cell system. In addition to the most common sites of occurrence, namely, ileum and appendix these tumors have reported to occur in bladder, prostate, rectum, stomach, bronchi, pancreas, and biliary tree.

Primary Biliary Tract NETs are rare and account for 0.2%–2% [1, 2] of all gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors.

The Literature documents about 77 cases of neuroendocrine tumor arising from the biliary tree which includes common bile duct, common hepatic duct, cystic duct, and hilar confluence.

We report a case of Primary Biliary NET arising from the left hepatic duct. An extensive search of the literature has yielded no reference regarding a NET arising from the left Hepatic ducts. The present case is the first reported case of a NET arising in the left hepatic duct.

2. Case Report

A 69-years-old female presented with colicky pain in the right hypochondrium since 3 years. She had past history of open cholecystectomy done for gall stones 15 years back. On physical examination the patient was anicteric with soft abdomen. An Ultrasonography (USG) of the abdomen showed a hypoechoic lesion of size 3.5 cm × 4 cm in segment 4 of the liver. Computerized Tomography (CT) of the abdomen showed a 4.1 × 3.7 cm heterogeneously enhancing mass lesion in segment IV of liver abutting the left branch of portal vein (Figure 1). A Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of upper abdomen with Magnetic Resonance CholagioPancreaticography (MRCP) showed a filling defect in the left hepatic duct with lesion in the adjacent part of liver in segment IV, suggestive of a left hepatic duct tumor with infiltration in the liver (Figure 2). Tumor marker serum alfa fetoprotein was mildly raised. Patient was worked up for left hepatectomy. Intraopertaively a lesion arising from the left hepatic duct involving the left branch of portal vein and extending upto the portal confluence was found (Figure 3) rendering the tumor unresectable. A biopsy was taken from the mass and procedure was abandoned in view of inoperability. Histopathology showed typical rosette appearance of a neuroendocrine tumor (Figure 4) and immunohistochemistry positive for CD56, Chromogranin and Synaptophysin (Figure 5). Ultrastructural study of the cell with electron microscopy (Figure 6) showed the presence of multiple neurosecretory granules with muscle tissue.

(a)

(b)

A whole body Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan and an Octreotride labeled radionulceotide scan showed somatostatin receptor expressing lesion in the hepatobiliary system (Figure 7).

(a)

(b)

The patient was started on long-acting Octreotride therapy single dose every month. The patient has received 12 of such doses and is doing well after a 1-year followup without any complications. A follow up MRI (Figure 8) upper abdomen with MRCP at 1 year showed the absence of filling defect in the Left hepatic duct that was seen previously which showed tumor regression.

3. Discussion

Primary Biliary-tract NETs are very rare. They account for 0.2–2% of all gastrointestinal NET [1, 2] reason being the paucity of enterochromaffin cells from which NETs arise in this area. Chronic inflammation of the bile duct epithelium is responsible for metaplasia of these enterochromaffin cells and formation of NET.

Davies [3] in 1959 reported NET of the distal bile duct and pancreatic duct which represented more of a periampullary NET rather than a biliary tract. Pilz [4] in 1961 was credited to report the first case of a Biliary Tract NET. After an extensive search of the Medline only 77 cases of Biliary Tract NET have been reported so far in the literature since 1961 (Table 1).

Till now no NET in the literature has been reported in the isolated left hepatic duct possibly making our case the first reported case of an isolated left hepatic duct NET.

The most common site of malignancy in the biliary tract was common bile duct (57.14%) followed by the hilar confluence (27.28%), the cystic duct (9.1%), common hepatic duct (5.12%) and finally the left hepatic duct (1.23%).

The mean age of presentation was 47 years (range 6 years to 79 years).

The male to female ratio is 1 : 1.23 showing that the biliary NET has a preponderance for female.

By far the most common symptom in patients of Biliary tract NET is Jaundice (63.4%) followed by Pain (14.1%), jaundice with pain (12.7%) and remaining nonspecific symptoms like weight loss.

The incidence of a Carcinoid syndrome in patients of Biliary Tract NET is very rare. Only 4 cases which include a single case published by Nesi et al. [51] in 2006 with symptoms of diarrhea due to secretion of serotonin and 3 cases by Price et al. [65] in 2009 with features of Zollinger Ellison syndrome due to secretion of gastrin from tumor in CBD.

4. Conclusion

Biliary Tract NET are rare tumors that typically present with jaundice and pain. As compared to its counterpart Cholangiocarcinoma Biliary NET occurs in a younger age group with a female preponderance [39]. Biliary NET usually are nonsecreting tumor. Preoperative diagnosis of these tumors require a high index of suspicion and accurate histopathological diagnosis which must include a immunohistochemistry study and electron microscopy. Biliary tract NET are slow-growing indolent tumor which have a limited propensity for local and metastatic spread. Surgical resection aimed at complete tumor excision with bilio-enteric continuity offers the best cure and high survival rates. Patients who have undergone resection have a long term survival. Even in inoperable patients chemotherapy with newer biologic agents like Octreotride have a favorable outcome on the patient’s survival.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Padmashree Dr. T. P. Lahane Dean of Grant Medical College Mumbai for the support and encouragement provided to publish this paper. We would also like to thank Dr. Sanjay Navani and Dr. M. B. Tayade Head of department General Surgery Grant Medical College Mumbai.

References

I. M. Modlin and A. Sandor, “An analysis of 8305 cases of Carcinoid tumors,” Cancer, vol. 79, no. 4, pp. 813–829, 1997.
View at: Google Scholar
J. M. Lauffer, T. Zhang, and I. M. Modlin, “Review article:current status of gastrointestinal carcinoids,” Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 271–287, 1999.
View at: Google Scholar
A. J. Davies, “Carcinoid tumors (Argentaffinomata),” Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, vol. 25, pp. 277–297, 1959.
View at: Google Scholar
E. Pilz, “On carcinoid of the bile duct,” Zentralblatt Fur Chirurgie, vol. 86, pp. 1588–1590, 1961.
View at: Google Scholar
J. M. Little, A. A. Gibson, and A. W. Kay, “Primary common bile-duct carcinoid,” British Journal of Surgery, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 147–149, 1968.
View at: Google Scholar
L. Bergdahl, “Carcinoid tumours of the biliary tract,” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 136–138, 1976.
View at: Google Scholar
D. M. Judge, P. S. Dickman, and S. Trapukdi, “Nonfunctioning argyrophilic tumor (APUDoma) of the hepatic duct. Simplified methods of detecting biogenic amines in tissue,” American Journal of Clinical Pathology, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 40–45, 1976.
View at: Google Scholar
A. J. Gerlock and C. A. Muhletaler, “Primary common bile duct carcinoid,” Gastrointestinal Radiology, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 263–264, 1979.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Vitaux, R. J. Salmon, O. Langville, C. Buffet, E. Martin, and J. C. Chaput, “Carcinoid tumor of the common bile duct,” American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 76, no. 4, pp. 360–362, 1981.
View at: Google Scholar
T. Nakamuara, T. Sawada, K. Karaki, and A. Kawao :, “A case of MEA associated with bie duct carcinoid,” Gann No Rinnshou, vol. 27, pp. 1299–1301, 1981.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. Abe, H. Itoh, M. Yoshida et al., “Carcinoid tumor of the common bile duct, report of a case,” Stomach and Intestine, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 543–548, 1983.
View at: Google Scholar
Z. D. Goodman, J. Albores Saavedra, and D. M. Lundblad, “Somatostatinoma of the cystic duct,” Cancer, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 498–502, 1984.
View at: Google Scholar
D. L. Jutte, P. H. Bell, I. M. Penn, J. Powers, and J. Kolinjivadi, “Carcinoid tumor of the biliary system,” Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol. 32, pp. 763–769, 1986.
View at: Google Scholar
P. G. Nicolescu and A. Popescu, “Carcinoid tumor of the cystic duct,” Morphologie et Embryologie, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 275–277, 1986.
View at: Google Scholar
I. A. Alexander, K. K. Thomson, and G. A. Klune, “Primary common bile duct carcinoid: demonstration by computed tomography, ultrasonography and angiography,” Australasian Radiology, vol. 30, pp. 34–37, 1986.
View at: Google Scholar
I. Gastinger, U. Schütze, G. Beetz, and H. Lippert, “Obstructive jaundice caused by a carcinoid tumor of the hepatocholedochal duct,” Zentralblatt fur Chirurgie, vol. 112, no. 18, pp. 1170–1175, 1987.
View at: Google Scholar
D. Reinhardt, H. Thiele, J. C. Weber, and W. J. Hofmann, “Carcinoid of the ductus choledochus. A rare cause of obstructive jaundice,” Chirurg, vol. 59, no. 10, pp. 683–687, 1988.
View at: Google Scholar
S. M. Chittal and P. M. Ra, “Carcinoid of the cystic duct,” Histopathology, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 643–646, 1989.
View at: Google Scholar
N. Fujita, F. Mochizuki, S. Lee et al., “Carcinoid tumor of the bile duct: case report,” Gastrointestinal Radiology, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 151–154, 1989.
View at: Google Scholar
D. R. Bickerstaff and W. B. Ross, “Carcinoid of the biliary tree: a case report and review of the literature,” Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 48–51, 1987.
View at: Google Scholar
W. M. Brown, J. M. Henderson, and J. C. Kennedy, “Carcinoid tumor of the bile duct. A case report and literature review,” American Surgeon, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 343–346, 1990.
View at: Google Scholar
C. Bumin, N. Ormeci, M. Dolapci, and S. Gungor, “Carcinoid tumor of the biliary duct,” International Surgery, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 262–264, 1990.
View at: Google Scholar
I. W. Fellows, I. H. Leach, P. G. Smith, P. J. Toghill, and J. Doran, “Carcinoid tumour of the common bile duct—a novel complication of von Hippel-Lindau syndrome,” Gut, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 728–729, 1990.
View at: Google Scholar
I. Besznyák, G. Tasnádi, T. Hirsch, I. Köves, Z. Schaff, and K. Lapis, “Hepato-lobectomy for carcinoid tumor of the hepatic duct,” Orvosi Hetilap, vol. 132, no. 11, pp. 591–594, 1991.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Angeles-Angeles, L. Quintanilla-Martinez, and J. Larriva-Sahd, “Primary carcinoid of the common bile duct. Immunohistochemical characterization of a case and review of the literature,” American Journal of Clinical Pathology, vol. 96, no. 3, pp. 341–344, 1991.
View at: Google Scholar
L. P. Barron-Rodriguez, J. C. Manivel, N. Mendez-Sanchez, and J. Jessurun, “Carcinoid tumor of the common bile duct: evidence for its origin in metaplastic endocrine cells,” American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 86, no. 8, pp. 1073–1076, 1991.
View at: Google Scholar
K. Newman, T. Vates, L. Duffy, and K. Anderson, “Pancreatoduodenectomy with preservation of the stomach and pylorus: a safe and effective alternative in children,” Journal of Pediatric Surgery, vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 1334–1335, 1992.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. M. Dixon, R. W. Chapman, and A. R. Berry, “Carcinoid tumour of the ampulla of Vater presenting as acute pancreatitis,” Gut, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 1296–1297, 1987.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Rugge, F. Sonego, C. Militello, M. Guido, and V. Ninfo, “Primary carcinoid tumor of the cystic and common bile ducts,” American Journal of Surgical Pathology, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 802–807, 1992.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. B. Gembala, J. E. Arsuaga, A. C. Friedman et al., “Carcinoid of the intrahepatic ducts,” Abdominal Imaging, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 242–244, 1993.
View at: Google Scholar
G. Mandujano-Vera, A. Angeles-Angeles, J. De la Cruz-Hernandez, M. Sansores- Perez, and J. Larriva-Sahd, “Gastrinoma of the common bile duct: immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of a case,” Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 321–324, 1995.
View at: Google Scholar
H. N. Sankary, P. Foster, E. Frye, and J. W. Williams, “Carcinoid tumors of the extrahepatic bile duct: an unusual cause of bile duct obstruction,” Liver Transplantation and Surgery, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 122–123, 1995.
View at: Google Scholar
L. Hao, A. L. Friedman, V. J. Navarro, B. West, and M. E. Robert, “Carcinoid tumor of the common bile duct producing gastrin and serotonin,” Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 63–65, 1996.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Kopelman, M. Schein, H. Kerner, H. Bahuss, and M. Hashmonai, “Carcinoid tumor of the common bile duct,” HPB Surgery, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 41–43, 1996.
View at: Google Scholar
G. Belli, G. Rotondano, A. D'Agostino, and I. Marano, “Primary extrahepatic bile duct carcinoids,” HPB Surgery, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 101–105, 1996.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Bembenek, E. Lotterer, A. Machens et al., “Neuroendocrine tumor of the common heaptic duct: a rare cause of extrahepatic jaundice in adolescence,” Surgery, vol. 123, no. 6, pp. 712–715, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
S. C. Nahas, J. L. Lourencao, E. Gazoni, C. Mott de B, M. R. Borba, J. O. Pinto Filho et al., “Carcinoid tumors of the common bile duct: report of a case,” Revista Do Hospital Das Clinicas Da Faculdade De Medicina Da Universidade De Sao Paulo, vol. 53, pp. 26–28, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
A. C. Ross, J. B. Hurley, W. B. Hay, C. H. Rusnak, and D. M. Petrunia, “Carcinoids of the common bile duct: a case report and literature review,” Canadian Journal of Surgery, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 59–63, 1999.
View at: Google Scholar
R. S. Chamberlain and L. H. Blumgart, “Carcinoid tumors of the extrahepatic bile duct. A rare cause of malignant biliary obstruction,” Cancer, vol. 86, pp. 1959–1965, 1999.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Hermina, J. Starling, and T. F. Warner, “Carcinoid tumor of the cystic duct,” Pathology Research and Practice, vol. 195, no. 10, pp. 707–709, 1999.
View at: Google Scholar
C. Chan, H. Medina-Franco, W. Bell, A. Lazenby, and S. M. Vickers, “Carcinoid tumor of the hepatic duct presenting as a Klatskin tumor in an adolescent and review of world literature,” Hepato-Gastroenterology, vol. 47, no. 32, pp. 519–521, 2000.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Maitra, J. E. Krueger, M. Tascilar et al., “Carcinoid tumors of the extrahepatic bile ducts: a study of seven cases,” American Journal of Surgical Pathology, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 1501–1510, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. V. Juturi, I. Maghfoor, D. C. Doll, and M. L. Evans, “A case of biliary carcinoid presenting with pancreatitis and obstructive jaundice,” American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 95, no. 10, pp. 2973–2974, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. S. Turrión, C. Salas, L. G. Alvira, M. Jimenez, J. L. Lucena, and J. Ardaiz, “Carcinoid tumour of the common bile duct: an exceptional indication for liver transplantation,” Transplantation Proceedings, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 264–265, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. M. Pawlik, S. Shah, and F. E. Eckhauser, “Carcinoid tumor of the biliary tract: treating a rare cause of bile duct obstruction,” American Surgeon, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 98–101, 2003.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. D. Podnos, J. C. Jimenez, K. Zainabadi et al., “Carcinoid tumors of the common bile duct: report of two cases,” Surgery Today, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 553–555, 2003.
View at: Google Scholar
C. M. Volpe, J. P. Pryor, M. Caty, and R. J. Doerr, “An adolescent with bile duct carcinoid tumor,” Medical and Pediatric Oncology, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 137–138, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. A. C. Menezes, A. J. Diver, D. McCance, and T. Diamond, “Carcinoid tumour of the extrahepatic bile duct—report of a case and literature review,” Ulster Medical Journal, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 59–62, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Ligato, W. Furmaga, R. W. Cartun, D. Hull, and G. J. Tsongalis, “Primary carcinoid tumor of the common hepatic duct: a rare case with immunohistochemical and molecular findings,” Oncology Reports, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 543–546, 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
C. Hubert, C. Sempoux, A. Berquin, P. Deprez, F. Jamar, and J. F. Gigot, “Bile duct carcinoid tumors: an uncommon disease but with a good prognosis?” Hepato-Gastroenterology, vol. 52, no. 64, pp. 1042–1047, 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
G. Nesi, A. Lombardi, G. Batignani, F. Ficari, C. A. Rubio, and F. Tonelli, “Well-differentiated endocrine tumor of the distal common bile duct: a case study and literature review,” Virchows Archiv, vol. 449, no. 1, pp. 104–111, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. H. Kim, M. H. Song, and D. H. Kim, “Malignant carcinoid tumor of the common bile duct: report of a case,” Surgery Today, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 485–489, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Caglikulekci, M. Dirlik, O. Aydin et al., “Carcinoid tumour of the common bile duct: report of a case and a review of the literature,” Acta Chirurgica Belgica, vol. 106, no. 1, pp. 112–115, 2006.
View at: Google Scholar
H. Honda, S. Hayashi, Y. Sekiguchi, T. Tsukadaira, and K. Nakamura, “A case of the extrahepatic bile duct carcinoid tumor,” Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi, vol. 103, no. 10, pp. 1169–1175, 2006.
View at: Google Scholar
T. Todoroki, T. Sano, S. Yamada et al., “Clear cell carcinoid tumor of the distal common bile duct,” World Journal of Surgical Oncology, vol. 5, article 6, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Sethi, M. Madanur, P. Srinivasan, B. Portmann, N. Heaton, and M. Rela, “Non-functioning well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor of the extrahepatic bile duct: an unusual suspect?” Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases International, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 549–552, 2007.
View at: Google Scholar
F. Stavridi, H. Chong, S. Chan et al., “Neuroendocrine tumour of the cystic duct: a case report and literature review,” Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 32–33, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Jiménez, A. Beguiristain, I. Ruiz-Montesinos et al., “Intrahepatic biliary carcinoid,” American Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 521–522, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. R. Ferrone, L. H. Tang, M. D'Angelica et al., “Extrahepatic bile duct carcinoid tumors: malignant biliary obstruction with a good prognosis,” Journal of the American College of Surgeons, vol. 205, no. 2, pp. 357–361, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
O. Nafidi, B. N. Nguyen, and A. Roy, “Carcinoid tumor of the common bile duct: a rare complication of von Hippel-Lindau syndrome,” World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 1299–1301, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. J. Gusani, J. W. Marsh, M. A. Nalesnik, M. E. Tublin, and T. C. Gamblin, “Carcinoid of the extra-hepatic bile duct: a case report with long-term follow-up and review of literature,” American Surgeon, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 87–90, 2008.
View at: Google Scholar
T. M. Schmitt, H. Bonatti, K. D. Hagspiel, J. Iezzoni, P. Northup, and T. L. Pruett, “Carcinoid of the bile duct bifurcation,” Journal of the American College of Surgeons, vol. 206, no. 2, p. 399, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Costantini, R. Montalti, G. Rossi et al., “Adenocarcinoid tumor of the extrahepatic biliary tract,” International Journal of Surgical Pathology, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 455–457, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Felekouras, A. Petrou, K. Bramis et al., “Malignant carcinoid tumor of the cystic duct: a rare cause of bile duct obstruction,” Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases International, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 640–646, 2009.
View at: Google Scholar
T. N. Price, G. B. Thompson, J. T. Lewis, R. V. Lloyd, and W. F. Young, “Zollinger-Ellison syndrome due to primary gastrinoma of the extrahepatic biliary tree: three case reports and review of literature,” Endocrine Practice, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 737–749, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
U. Tonnhofer, C. Balassy, C. A. Reck, A. Koller, and E. Horcher, “Neuroendocrine tumor of the common hepatic duct, mimicking a choledochal cyst in a 6-year-old child,” Journal of Pediatric Surgery, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. e23–e25, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Zhan, G. Bao, X. Hu et al., “Carcinoid tumor of the common bile duct in children: a case report,” Journal of Pediatric Surgery, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 2061–2063, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Squillaci, R. Marchione, M. Piccolomini et al., “Well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (malignant carcinoid) of the extrahepatic biliary tract: report of two cases and literature review,” APMIS, vol. 118, no. 8, pp. 543–556, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Tsalis, G. Vrakas, T. Geroukis, A. Cheva, G. N. Roidos, and C. Lazarides, “Primary neuroendocrine tumor of the extrahepatic biliary tree mimicking Klatskin tumor,” Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 341–342, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
J. H. Lee, K. G. Lee, Y. H. Oh, S. S. Paik, H. K. Park, and K. S. Lee, “Carcinoid tumors of the extrahepatic biliary tract: report of four cases,” Surgery Today, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 430–435, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. G. Athanasopoulos, N. Arkadopoulos, V. Stafyla et al., “A rare combination of an endocrine tumour of the common bile duct and a follicular lymphoma of the ampulla of Vater: a case report and review of the literature,” World Journal of Surgical Oncology, vol. 9, article 4, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2012 Ajay H. Bhandarwar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

2706

Downloads

1526

Citations