Abstract
A low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS) is a rare tumor, with a benign histologic appearance but malignant behavior. This report describes a 74-year-old man with an internal abdominal oblique muscle mass. The tumor appeared as a well-defined ovoid mass on computed tomography, with mild uptake on fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography images. Radical resection with wide safe margins was performed. Histologically, the tumor was composed of spindle-shaped cells in a whorled growth pattern, with alternating fibrous and myxoid stroma. MUC4 expression, a highly sensitive and specific immunohistochemical marker for LGFMS, was detected. Therefore, we diagnosed the tumor as LGFMS. At the 3-month follow-up, there was no sign of recurrence or metastasis. We report the first case of LGFMS arising from the internal abdominal oblique muscle.
1. Background
Soft tissue tumors are uncommon tumors accounting for only approximately 1% of cancers in adults, and it is often difficult to diagnose these tumors [1]. Owing to the small numbers of these neoplasms, it is difficult to perform systematic research and to develop optimal approaches for treatment and diagnosis of these patients. Unfortunately, many patients still undergo improper initial diagnosis and treatment.
A low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS) is a rare variant of the spindle cell tumor that is composed of collagen-rich and myxoid parts [2]. Owing to its variable morphology, LGFMS can be difficult to distinguish from benign mesenchymal tumors and other low-grade sarcomas. Clinically, LGFMS develop mainly in the subcutaneous or superficial soft tissue overlying the muscles of the trunk or proximal four limbs in middle-aged adults. LGFMS sometimes recurs locally and distantly [3]. Recently, immunohistochemistry has been playing a key role in the diagnosis of LGFMS. It is identified by using MUC4 staining, which can be helpful to distinguish this tumor type from histologic mimics [4].
This report describes a 74-year-old man with LGFMS of the right internal abdominal oblique muscle.
2. Case Presentation
The patient was a 74-year-old man who had an abdominal wall mass identified on abdominal ultrasonography during a routine examination (Figure 1(a)). There was no previous history of a significant injury to his abdomen. On physical examination, the elastic firm mass measured approximately 20 × 20 mm without tenderness. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a low-density mass in the right internal abdominal oblique muscle (Figure 1(b)). On contrast-enhanced CT, the mass was mildly enhanced nonhomogeneously (Figure 1(c)). The mass was not detectable on a CT image acquired 5 years previously. Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging demonstrated low FDG uptake in the mass in the right internal abdominal oblique muscle. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUV-max) of the tumor was 1.4 (Figure 1(d)). FDG-PET imaging did not reveal any other distant metastases.
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For diagnosis and treatment, en bloc resection of the tumor was performed via wide resection. The resected specimen contained a mass with a pseudocapsule. On gross examination, the cut surface of the tumor revealed that the lesion was pale white and glistening (Figure 2(a)).
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Histopathological examination demonstrated that the tumor was contained within a thin fibrous capsule and was well demarcated from the surrounding muscle and soft tissue. The tumor cells were spindle-cell-shaped fibroblast-like cells within whirling collagenous stroma. There were sporadic myxoid areas within the whirling collagenous stroma. There were sporadic areas of increased cellularity, and the tumor cells were occasionally multinucleated or stellate in shape. The nuclei of the tumor cells were mildly pleomorphic and hyperchromatic, but these features were not diagnostic for unequivocal malignancy (Figures 2(b) and 2(c)). On immunohistochemical examination, the tumor cells were negative for desmin, S100, smooth muscle actin, CD34, and CD117 and were positive for MUC4 (Figure 2(d)). The tumor was diagnosed as LGFMS.
The patient had not experienced either local recurrence or distant metastasis at the final follow-up 3 months after surgery.
3. Discussion
LGFMS occurs most commonly in the deep soft tissues of the proximal extremities and trunk. Other sites include the chest wall, hip, inguinal region, axilla, retroperitoneum, mesentery, pelvis, and maxilla [5–8]. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an LGFMS occurring on the internal abdominal oblique muscle.
There are a few reports of LGFMS that were positive on FDG-PET. SUVs of the masses ranged from 1.8 to 4.0 [9–11]. The SUV-max in our case was 1.4, and the size of the tumor in our case was smaller than the previously reported cases. Williams et al. [9] reported that FDG-PET could be useful to demonstrate sites of possible metastasis and direct biopsy for rare soft tissue sarcomas but is of uncertain negative predictive value for small tumors. Maretty et al. [12] claimed that small tumors were PET negative on the initial scan, so they were not removed until 3 months later, after metastases were observed. They concluded that PET-CT should be used with caution in patients with LGFMS.
In our case, on microscopic examination, the tumor showed alternating fibrous and myxoid areas and had spindle and asteroid fibroblast-like tumor cells in this myxoid background, evident on hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E). Although the tumor cell nuclei were mildly pleomorphic and hyperchromatic, the malignant nature of the tumor was not readily discernible. Our first differential diagnoses were “intramuscular myxoma,” “nodular fasciitis,” and “cellular myxoma,” but none of them fit the histological features of the tumor. However, on immunohistochemical analysis, the tumor was unexpectedly positive for MUC4, but negative for desmin, S100, smooth muscle actin, CD34, and CD117. Our diagnostic possibility was narrowed to “LGFMS.” Doyle et al. reported that MUC4 was a highly sensitive and specific immunohistochemical marker for LGFMS [4]. They reported that all 49 LGFMS cases (100%) showed cytoplasmic staining for MUC4 and all other tumor types were negative for MUC4, other than 6 (30%) monophasic synovial sarcomas. Among other soft tissue tumors, MUC4 is a sensitive and useful marker for identifying only sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma, which has similarities to LGFMS [13]. When we reviewed the H&E slides of the tumor, we found the features to be consistent with LGFMS.
Although patients with LGFMS are often misdiagnosed with benign tumors such as fibromatosis and neurofibroma instead of LGFMS, adequate surgical excision of the tumor is undoubtedly necessary because of the frequent recurrence of LGFMS. The local recurrence rate proved to be clearly lower in specimens with adequate margins [3, 5]. Recent study reports that the rate of metastases in LGFMS is 45% [3], although earlier studies claimed it rarely had metastatic potential. The treatment of metastatic LGFMS is difficult and may include multiagent chemotherapy and repeated and selective surgery of operable metastases [12]. Moreover, Evans reported that clinical and histological responses were quite poor for distant metastases and nonresectable lesions [3]. In our case, the resected specimen had a wide margin and the tumor was small. The patient was followed-up with clinical physical examinations and CT every 3 months.
4. Conclusion
In conclusion, this is a case of LGFMS that formed in the internal abdominal oblique muscle of a 74-year-old man. Although LGFMS can be difficult to distinguish from a benign tumor on clinical examination, it should be correctly diagnosed on histological and immunohistochemical examinations in order to ensure adequate treatment.
Abbreviations
| LGFMS: | Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma |
| FDG-PET: | Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography |
| CT: | Computed tomography. |
Consent
Written presentation informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ Contributions
Masakazu Hashimoto, Kei Koide, Michinori Arita, Koji Kawaguchi, Yoshihiro Mikuriya, Jun Iwata, and Toshiyuki Iwamoto made substantial contributions to conception and design and acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data. Masakazu Hashimoto, Kei Koide, and Toshiyuki Iwamoto were involved in drafting the paper or revising it critically for important intellectual content. Kei Koide gave final approval of the version to be published. All authors read and approved the final paper.