A Mislocated Intrauterine Device Migrating to the Urinary Bladder: An Uncommon Complication Leading to Stone Formation

Table 1

Review of intravesical migration of IUD cases reported in English language literature.

Author and year	Age	Time of IUD insertion	Clinical presentation	Urinalysis	Imaging performed	Radiological findings	Calculus formation	Peri-op findings	Treatment	Outcome and Follow-up
Niu et al., 2018	57	26 years ago	Chronic supra-pubic pain	Unremarkable	Plain abdominal; X-ray; US	Hyperechoic foreign body penetrating through the anterior uterine wall into the posterior supratrigonal bladder wall	On the tip of the penetrating IUD	Shifted IUD horizontal limb protruding through the anterior uterine wall into the bladder.; Needle-like calculus on the IUD.	Endoscopic approach: Laser fragmentation of the calculus encapsulating the IUD.; Removal of the IUD with forceps through the nephroscope.; Placed in the uterine cavity, 2 weeks indwelling Foley catheter.	No subsequent evidence of residual perforation or fistula
Shin et al., 2011 [12]	38	11 years ago	Recurrent UTI dysuria, dyspareunia chronic pelvic pain	Leucocyturia	Plain abdominal; Radiograph; Pelvic CT	Stone opacity around the IUD stone around the IUD located in the bladder	Yes	IUD deeply embedded into the muscular bladder wall.; No vesico-uterin fistula	Laparoscopic approach: Removal of the IUD and the bladder stone via laparoscopic cystolithotomy	No leakage on cystography.
Yahsi et al., 2015 [13]	37	6 years ago	Supra-pubic pain; Polyuria, urgency	Leucocyturia	Plain abdominal; x-ray; Pelvic US, CT	1,5 × 2 cm bladder stone on the IUD whose 1 cm tipn outside of the baldder.	Yes	Intravesical encrusted IUD entering the bladder lumen posteriorly.	Endoscopic approach: IUD stuck to the bladder.; Removal with cystoscopic forceps failed.; Laparoscopic approach.	Discharged after normal post-op cystography.
De Silva et al., 2017 [14]	48	15 years ago	Recurrent UTI; Dysuria, hematuria	Proteus growth	Plain abdominal; X-ray; US	Intra-vesical large stone with three limbs and an imprint of a typical IUCD in the middle of the stone.	Yes	bladder stone with three limbs shaped to cover the IUCD found inside.	Open cystolithotomy.	Uncomplicated post-op period, asymptomatic afterwards, no further..
Gharbi M. et al., 2019 [15]	62	9 years ago	Intermittent pelvic pain	Pyuria, hematuria	Plain abdominal; X-ray; US	15-mm calcified pelvic mass overlying the copper-T echogenic intravesical lesion with distal acoustic shadow.	Yes	Large calculus at the end of the IUD wire penetrating the posterior wall of the bladder.	Endoscopic approach: Ballistic lithotripsy of the stone removal of the IUD after calculi fragmentation.	Uncomplicated post period.