Abstract
Pseudoaneurysm of the left ventricle is rare and may occur as a result of transmural myocardial infarction. The course of rupture after acute myocardial infarction varies from a catastrophic event, with an acute tear leading to immediate death (acute rupture), or slow and incomplete tear leading to a late rupture (subacute rupture). Incomplete rupture may occur when the thrombus and haematoma together with the pericardium seal the rupture of the left ventricle and may develop into a pseudoaneurysm. Early diagnosis and treatment is essential in this condition. Two-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography is the first-choice method for most patients with suspected left ventricular pseudoaneurysm (LVP) and suggests left ventricular rupture in 85% to 90% of patients. We report the case of an 87-year-old woman presenting with symptoms and findings of myocardial infarction and left ventricular free wall rupture with a pseudoaneurysm formation diagnosed by echocardiography and confirmed on CT, MRI, and NM. She received only intense medical treatment, because she refused surgery with a favorable outcome. After 24-month followup, she is in NYHA functional class II. The survival of this patient is due to the contained pseudoaneurysm by dense pericardial adhesions, related to her previous coronary bypass surgery.
1. Background
Left ventricular free wall rupture (LVFWR) in myocardial infarction (MI) is often fatal, and only a few patients may undergo operation. The cardiac rupture may be clinically undetected and lead to pseudoaneurysm [1–3]. Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm (LVP) is formed when cardiac rupture is contained by adherent pericardium or scar tissue [4]. Two-dimensional echo is the first-choice method for patients with suspected LVP and suggests left ventricular rupture in 85% to 90% of patients [5]. The potential use of 3D echo in assessing the location and complex geometry of ventricular rupture site has been demonstrated [6]. The main aim of this case is to describe the long survival of a woman in the ninth decade of life with acute LVFWR and LVP formation after MI.
2. Case Report
An 87-year-old woman with history of hypothyroidism, systemic arterial hypertension, anterior MI with an LV apical aneurysm, and coronary artery bypass graft to the left anterior descending in 1997 presented to the emergency room with an epigastric discomfort that had begun 24 hours earlier and a diagnosis of acute MI was made. At admission she was hemodynamically stable. Vital signs included a BP of 130/70 mmHg, HR 70 beats/min, RR of 16, temperature of 36.5°C, and oxygen saturation of 92% on room air. On heart auscultation, an S3 was heard. Electrocardiogram showed q wave in III, aVF, asymmetric wave inversion in leads I and aVL and elevation of ST segment of <0.1 mv in V3 to V6, (Figure 1(a)). Elevation of cardiac troponin I level to 78 ng/mL was found normal: <0.04 ng/mL (Figure 1(b)). A 2D echo (SONOS 5500, Philips Medical Systems, Bothell, Washington, USA) performed at the bedside in the emergency room showed the site of LVFWR, the blood flow from the LV to the pericardial space and diastolic flow from the pericardial space to the LV with hemopericardium contained by echo-dense pericardial adhesions, and an LV apical aneurysm (Figure 2). A cardiac CT was done to assess the coronary anatomy and the pericardium, which showed a total occlusion of circumflex artery in its middle segment (Figure 3) and an important thickening of the pericardium at the LV lateral wall. An intense medical treatment with ACE inhibitors, diuretics, digitalis glycosides, statins, nitroglycerin, aspirin, and clopidogrel was administered. At 5th day of hospitalization the patient presented with cardiogenic shock, which had a good response to a 24-hours infusion of levosimendan (0.2 mcg/Kg/min). The myocardial perfusion imaging with TC-99 M Sestamibi SPECT at rest and stress with dipyridamole demonstrated LV lateral wall and apical transmural MI without peri-infarction myocardial ischemia (Figure 4). The serial echo studies and the MRI did not show any progression of the LVP (Figure 5). At 12th day of hospitalization she was discharged in NYHA functional class II, with prescription of ACE inhibitors, beta blocker, diuretics, statins, and aspirin. During a follow-up period of 24 months the patient continues to be in NYHA functional class II, and the 2D and 3D echo studies performed with a IE33 Philips Medical Systems confirmed a circular lateral wall rupture (Figures 6 and 7, and see supplementary material, movie clip Figures 6 and 7 available online at doi: 10.1155/2012/728602).
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3. Discussion
Left ventricular free wall rupture occurs in up to 10% of the in-hospital deaths following acute MI (usually between 3 to 6 days) and the survival is associated with emergency operation [7]. In a large review of cases, the distribution of free-wall rupture location was inferolateral (posterior) wall segment (43%), lateral wall (28%), then apical wall (24%) followed by other segments at equal frequency [5]. In our case the location of LVFWR was lateral wall.
Transthoracic echo with Doppler is the noninvasive method of choice for patients with suspected LVP. The use of real-time 3D echo in assessing the complex geometry of ventricular rupture site has been demonstrated [6, 8]. The current case shows the potential of 2D and real-time 3D echo for the assessment of the location of LV rupture, orifice geometry, and complex intracardiac flow. The 12-months follow-up real-time 3D echo study clearly demonstrated the site and circular geometry of the LVFWR.
The MRI showed the necrotic zones around the site of rupture, the MN study had not detect myocardial viability and the cardiac CT was very useful in the assessment of the coronary artery lesions and in the characterization of the pericardium, especially at the level of LVP.
Based on current literature, pseudoaneurysms are a surgical emergency and even though the scar tissue may have closed the rupture, it is just one case out of the large majority that needs to be treated aggressively. However, the postoperative mortality after surgical repair of a pseudoaneurysm ranges from 13% to 29% and may be even higher in many hospitals due to a lack of experience [9].
Taking into consideration the relatively high risk of stroke and chronic anticoagulant treatment in our elderly patient and her disagreement with the surgical repair a conservative management was administered and after 24 months of followup she is in NYHA functional class II.
4. Conclusions
Our patient illustrates the usefulness of noninvasive imaging modalities for the diagnosis and followup of an LV pseudoaneurysm which is equivalent to the invasive contrast technique and we believe that the long survival of this oldest patient in the literature [10, 11] is due to the contained pseudoaneurysm by dense pericardial adhesions, related to her previous coronary bypass surgery. The optimum medical therapy is the only alternative in those high-risk patients who refuse surgical operation as occurred in our patient.
Abbreviations
| LVFWR: | Left ventricular free wall rupture |
| LVP: | Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm |
| CT: | Computed tomography |
| MRI: | Magnetic resonance imaging |
| NM: | Nuclear medicine |
| NYHA: | New York Heart Association |
| MI: | Myocardial infarction |
| LV: | Left ventricle |
| ACE: | Angiotensin converting enzyme |
| SPECT: | Single-photon emission computed tomography |
| BP: | Blood pressure |
| HR: | Heart rate |
| RR: | Respiratory rate |
| S3: | Third sound |
| 2D: | Two dimensional |
| 3D: | Three dimensional |
| LVAn: | Left ventricular apical aneurysm |
| RV: | Right ventricle |
| RA: | Right atrium |
| Pseudoan: | Pseudoaneurysm. |
Consent
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.
Supplementary Materials
Movie Clip Figure 6: Transthoracic two-dimensional and color Doppler flow video clip in four chamber view shows an apical aneurysm and lateral pseudoaneurysm formation with shunt from the left ventricle to the pericardial space.
Movie Clip Figure 7: Real time 3D video clip of the left ventricular free wall rupture with a circular shape.