Approach to Hemoptysis in the Modern Era

Table 1

Etiologies of hemoptysis.

Pulmonary-airway	Neoplasm
	Bronchitis
	Bronchiectasis
	Airway trauma
	Foreign body
	Bronchovascular fistula
Pulmonary-parenchymal	Pneumonia
	Tuberculosis
	Mycetomas(aspergillosis)/fungal infections
	Lung abcess
	Parasitic diseases
	Leptospirosis
	Cocaine inhalation
	Lung contusion
	Vasculitis (Wegener, etc.)
	Systemic lupus erythematosus
	Behcet’s disease
	Goodpasture syndrome
	Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis
Pulmonary-vascular	Pulmonary embolism
	Arteriovenous malformation
	Pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm
	Dieulafoy’s disease
	Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease
	Bronchial telangiectasia
Cardiac	Heart failure
	Mitral stenosis
	Congenital heart disease
Iatrogenic	Anticoagulant and antiplatelet medications
	Pulmonary artery catheter
	Biopsy
	Bronchoscopy
	Airway stent
	Endotracheal tube erosion
	Bevacizumab treatment
Others	Idiopathic
	Disorders of coagulation
	Thoracic endometriosis (catamenial hemoptysis)

The most common etiologies.