Review of Echocardiographic Findings in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Table 9

Left and right ventricular strain parameters in subjects with OSA.

Echocardiographic variables		AHI <5 events·h^−1	Mild OSA	Moderate OSA	Severe OSA
LV GLS (%)	Varghese et al. [10]	−19 ± 1.6			−15 ± 1.8	<0.01
	Vural et al. [17]	−22.3 ± 4.0	−20.0 ± 2.3	−17.2 ± 2.0^†	−15.6 ± 5.6^†,‡	<0.05
LS basal strain (%)	Vitarelli et al. [24]	−21.9 ± 2.8	−21.2 ± 2.5		−18.4 ± 2.7^†	0.011
	Altekin et al. [11]	−25.6 ± 2.2	−23.9 ± −3.9	−21.3 ± 2.6^†,‡	−16.9 ± −2.7^†,‡,	<0.03
	Varghese et al. [10]	−17 ± 1.7			−15 ± 1.9	0.02
	Altekin et al. [11]	−21.4 ± −1.9	−19.9 ± −2.4	−18.4 ± 2.6^†	−15.3 ± −2.9^†,‡,	<0.03
LS midstrain (%)	Varghese et al. [10]	−18 ± 1.8			−15 ± 2.3	<0.01
LS apical strain (%)	Altekin et al. [11]	−23.3 ± −2.1	−21.5 ± −2.4	−19.7 ± 2.6^†	−16.9 ± −2.9^†,‡,	<0.03
	Varghese et al. [10]	−20 ± 1.7			−16 ± 2.5	<0.01
	Altekin et al. [11]	−27.4 ± −3.7	−24.6 ± −2.9	−23.5 ± 3.9^†	−19.2 ± −3.9^†,‡,	<0.03
LV radial strain (%)	Vural et al. [17]	45.7 ± 6.1	44.4 ± 7.7	39.8 ± 7.8^†	39.8 ± 8.9^†	<0.05
LV circumferential strain (%)	Vural et al. [17]	−21.6 ± 3.5	−21.2 ± 1.8	−19.3 ± 2.8^†	−18.8 ± 2.7^†	<0.05
LV apical rotation (°)	Vural et al. [17]	8.6 ± 1.0	8.7 ± 1.7	9.1 ± 1.1	7.4 ± 1.3^†,‡,	<0.05
LV torsion (°)	Vural et al. [17]	15.6 ± 1.5	16.1 ± 1.9	16.5 ± 1.6	14.8 ± 1.6^‡,	<0.05
2D global RV SI	Hammerstingl et al. [19]		−21.5 ± 6.3	−14.3 ± 5.3	−14.5 ± 8.2	<0.0001
	Buonauro et al. [32]	22.8 ± 3.3	20.9 ± 4.9			<0.05
2D apical RV SI	Hammerstingl et al. [19]		−17.3 ± 8.7	−9.8 ± 6.0	−6.3 ± 5.7	<0.0001
2D basal RV SI	Hammerstingl et al. [19]		−27.4 ± 13.6	−18.2 ± 8.7	−21.6 ± 14.9	0.03
RV strain (%)	Altekin et al. [14]	−34.05 ± −4.29	−31.4 ± −5.37	−22.75 ± −4.89^†,‡	−20.89 ± −5.59^†,‡	<0.05
RV systolic strain rate	Altekin et al. [14]	−2.93 ± −0.64	−2.85 ± −0.73	−2.06 ± −0.43^†,‡	−1.43 ± −0.33^†,‡,∗	<0.05
RV early diastolic strain rate	Altekin et al. [14]	2.38 ± 0.63	2.32 ± 0.84	1.66 ± 0.55^†	1 ± 0.54^†,‡	<0.05
RV late diastolic strain rate	Altekin et al. [14]	2.25 ± 0.33	2.32 ± 0.54	2.79 ± 0.66^†	3.29 ± 0.54^†,‡	<0.05

LV GLS: left ventricular global longitudinal strain; LS basal: left ventricular basal longitudinal strain; LS mid: left ventricular longitudinal strain in medium segments; LS apical: left ventricular apical longitudinal strain; LV: left ventricular; 2D global RV SI: bidimensional global right ventricular strain index; 2D apical RV SI: bidimensional apical right ventricular strain index; 2D basal RV SI: bidimensional basal right ventricular strain index; RV: right ventricular; AHI: apnea-hypopnea index; OSA: obstructive sleep apnea. ^†Significantly different from AHI <5 events·h−1; ^‡significantly different from mild OSA; significantly different from moderate OSA.