(ii) Increased stasis due to immobility (e.g., being bed-bound, in a wheelchair)
Abnormal blood constituents
(i) Increased platelet activation and aggregability, for example, increased soluble P selectin, beta thromboglobulin [15–51]
(ii) Loss of haemostasis with increase in procoagulants for example, increased fibrinogen, cancer procoagulant, PAI-1 [66–89]
Abnormal blood vessel wall
(i) Damaged or dysfunctional endothelium (e.g., increased soluble E selectin, increased soluble thrombomodulin, possibly also related to chemotherapy) [95–97]
(ii) Loss of anticoagulant nature and therefore acquisition of a procoagulant nature (e.g., increased von Willebrand factor, tissue factor, reduced tPA, possibly also related to chemotherapy) [83, 93, 94]
(iii) Angiogenesis (altered release of, and response to, growth factors) [101–107]
