Cardiovascular Disease-Related Lifestyle Factors among People with Type 2 Diabetes in Pakistan: A Multicentre Study for the Prevalence, Clustering, and Associated Sociodemographic Determinants

Table 1

Background characteristics of study participants.

Characteristics	N = 887
Age (in years)
Up to 50	387 (43.6)
More than 50	500 (56.4)
Sex
Females	509 (57.4)
Males	368 (42.6)
Diabetes duration*
1 to 5 years	360 (40.6)
More than 5 years	527 (59.4)
Status of smoking
Nonsmoker	694 (78.3)
Past smoker	80 (9.0)
Current smoker	113 (12.7)
Type of treatment for glycemic control
Diet and exercise	85 (9.6)
Single oral drug	351 (39.5)
More than one oral drug	367 (41.4)
Insulin therapy	84 (9.5)
Taking low-dose aspirin
Yes	294 (33.1)
No	593 (66.9)
Family history of diabetes
Yes	420 (47.2)
No	467 (52.8
Coexist hypertension
Yes	363 (40.9)
No	524 (59.1)
Systolic blood pressure	134.1 ± 18.2
Diastolic blood pressure	83.9 ± 11.4
Total cholesterol	202.1 ± 34.1
Low density lipoproteins	155.4 ± 45.1
Triglycerides	209.4 ± 86.1
Fasting blood glucose	198.6 ± 79.7
Postprandial blood glucose	256.2 ± 106.5
HbA1C**	7.9 ± 1.4
Body mass index	27.7 ± 5.1

Data are presented in means ± SD or 𝑛 (%).
*Duration since diagnosis of diabetes; **n = 285.