Additive Value of Biomarkers and Echocardiography to Stratify the Risk of Death in Heart Failure Patients with Reduced Ejection Fraction
Table 2
Clinical features of the study cohort divided by TAPSE/PASP ratio <0.36, ≥0.36, or unavailable.
Variable
Patients (% of missingness)
TAPSE/PASP ratio <0.36 ()
TAPSE/PASP ratio ≥0.36 ()
TAPSE/PASP unavailable ()
Age (years)
431 (0%)
60.2 ± 8.7
58.6 ± 12.4
58.7 ± 12
0.605
Age >66 years
11 (25)
67 (27)
37 (27)
0.987
Male gender, (%)
431 (0%)
35 (80)
200 (80)
122 (88)
0.099
Body mass index (kg/m2)
430 (0.2%)
27.4 ± 4.2
26.5 ± 4
27.7 ± 5.3
0.150
Etiology, (%)
431 (0%)
Ischemic
24 (55)
89 (36)
51 (37)
0.061
Nonischemic
20 (45)
160 (64)
87 (63)
Comorbidities, (%)
Hypertension
431 (0%)
13 (30)
55 (22)
52 (38)
0.005
Diabetes
430 (0.2%)
12 (27)
43 (17)
26 (19)
0.293
COPD
429 (0.5%)
4 (9)
18 (7)
18 (13)
0.156
NYHA class, (%)
430 (0.2%)
I
3 (7)
49 (20)
37 (27)
<0.001
II
27 (61)
149 (60)
89 (64)
III-IV
14 (32)
50 (20)
12 (9)
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
429 (0.5%)
108 ± 16
114 ± 16
121 ± 19
<0.001
Hgb (mg/dl)
389 (10%)
13.2 ± 2.1
13.7 ± 1.7
14.7 ± 1.3
<0.001
Creatinine (mg/dl)
382 (11%)
1.1 ± 0.2
1.2 ± 0.3
1.1 ± 0.2
0.346
NPs > threshold
431 (0%)
36 (82)
117 (47)
58 (42)
<0.001
hsTnI >0.027 pg/ml
431 (0%)
12 (27)
52 (20)
31 (22)
0.591
No. of biomarkers above threshold
387 (10%)
0
8 (18)
113 (45)
65 (47)
0.004
1
24 (55)
103 (41)
57 (41)
2
12 (27)
33 (13)
16 (12)
Echocardiography
LVEDVI (ml)
419 (3%)
117 ± 40
118 ± 42
125 ± 44
0.223
LVESVI (ml)
417 (3%)
107 ± 36
97 ± 38
101 ± 37
0.253
LA VOL
421 (2%)
123 ± 46
88 ± 43
85 ± 38
<0.001
LVEF (%)
431 (0%)
24 ± 6
27 ± 6
29 ± 5
<0.001
LVEF ≤35%
43 (98)
242 (97)
130 (94)
0.300
E/A
390 (9%)
2.12 ± 1.62
1.24 ± 0.77
1.09 ± 0.73
<0.001
EDT < 140 msec
422 (2%)
25 (58)
60 (24)
27 (20)
<0.001
MR yes
424 (2%)
27 (61)
97 (39)
46 (34)
0.008
PASP (mmHg)
298 (30%)^
55 ± 12
29 ± 9
26 ± 5
<0.001
PASP >40 mmHg
431 (0%)
39 (89)
31 (12)
0 (0)
<0.001
TAPSE ≤14
418 (3%)
22 (50)
20 (8)
14 (11)
<0.001
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NYHA: New York Heart Association; Hgb: hemoglobin; NPs: natriuretic peptides (brain natriuretic peptide, BNP, and N-terminal-proBNP, NT-proBNP); NPs thresholds are 125 pg/ml for BNP and 1016 pg/ml for NT-proBNP; hsTnI: high-sensitivity troponin I; LVEDVI: left ventricular end-diastolic volume index; LVESVI: left ventricular end-systolic volume index; LA VOL: left atrial volume; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; E/A: ratio of mitral inflow E velocity to mitral inflow A velocity; EDT: mitral inflow E velocity deceleration time; MR: mitral regurgitation; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion. ^Reasons of this rate of missingness are specified in Section 2. Values are expressed as mean ± SD or (%).
