A Predictive Model for Super-Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: The QQ-LAE Score
Table 1
Baseline characteristics according to CRT response.
Clinical parameters
Non-/modest responders (n = 278)
Super-responders (n = 109)
value
Age, years
59.0 ± 11.2
58.1 ± 9.9
0.463
Age ≥ 65, n (%)
87 (31.3)
28 (25.7)
0.278
Women, n (%)
88 (31.7)
49 (42.2)
0.014
BMI, kg/m2
24.5 ± 4.3
24.3 ± 4.2
0.781
History of HF, months
66.1 ± 58.7
44.9 ± 44.5
<0.001
History of HF ≤ 96 months, n (%)
199 (71.6)
91 (83.5)
0.015
NYHA functional class, n (%)
0.357
II
49 (17.6)
24 (22.0)
III
185 (66.5)
73 (66.9)
IV
44 (15.8)
12 (11.0)
Nonischemic etiology, n (%)
218 (78.4)
96 (88.1)
0.029
AF, n (%)
27 (9.7)
4 (3.7)
0.049
Frequent PVCs, n (%)
155 (55.8)
44 (40.4)
0.006
Fragmented QRS, n (%)
67 (24.1)
12 (11.0)
0.004
LBBB, n (%)
219 (78.8)
102 (93.6)
<0.001
QRS duration, ms
163.8 ± 17.4
169.9 ± 18.7
0.002
QRS duration ≥ 170 ms, n (%)
84 (30.2)
45 (41.3)
0.038
Hypertension, n (%)
87 (31.3)
38 (34.9)
0.500
Diabetes, n (%)
74 (26.6)
21 (19.3)
0.131
Coronary heart disease, n (%)
76 (27.3)
27 (24.8)
0.607
Prior MI, n (%)
42 (15.1)
7 (6.4)
0.021
LVEF, %
27.3 ± 5.3
27.5 ± 4.7
0.763
LVEDD, mm
72.0 ± 9.7
67.2 ± 7.5
<0.001
LVEDD <75 mm, n (%)
182 (65.5)
94 (86.2)
<0.001
LAD, mm
43.7 ± 8.1
38.5 ± 8.1
<0.001
LAD <45 mm, n (%)
145 (52.2)
87 (79.8)
<0.001
MR grade, n (%)
0.252
None
34 (12.2)
16 (14.6)
Trival/mild
92 (33.1)
44 (40.4)
Moderate
102 (36.7)
37 (33.9)
Severe
50 (17.9)
12 (11.0)
TR grade, n (%)
0.377
None
23 (8.3)
5 (4.6)
Trival/mild
162 (58.3)
62 (56.9)
Moderate
68 (24.5)
34 (31.2)
Severe
25 (8.9)
8 (7.3)
Beta-blocker, n (%)
265 (95.3)
104 (95.4)
0.970
ACEI/ARB, n (%)
255 (91.7)
102 (93.6)
0.540
Aldosterone antagonists, n (%)
237 (85.3)
97 (88.9)
0.336
Data are presented as mean ± SD or percentage. ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AF, atrial fibrillation; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; BMI, body mass index; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; HF, heart failure; LAD, left atrial diameter; LBBB, left bundle branch block; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MI, myocardial infarction; MR, mitral regurgitation; NYHA, New York heart association; PVCs, premature ventricular contractions; TR, tricuspid regurgitation.
