The Association between Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Its Predecessors Choline, L-Carnitine, and Betaine with Coronary Artery Disease and Artery Stenosis

Table 2

Association of TMAO, choline, L-carnitine, and betaine levels with CAD in all, male, and female participants.

All
	Model 1			Model 2
	OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI
TMAO	1.81	1.07–3.09	0.03	2.00	1.12–3.57	0.02
Choline				0.89	0.7–1.13	0.33
L-Carnitine				0.98	0.94–1.03	0.47
Betaine				1.02	0.95–1.1	0.55
Male
	Model 3			Model 4
	OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI
TMAO	2.64	1.04–6.69	0.04	2.58	0.99–6.74	0.05
Choline				1.00	0.68–1.48	0.99
L-Carnitine				1.00	0.97–1.04	0.81
Betaine				1.00	0.91–1.1	0.98
Female
	Model 5			Model 6
	OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI
TMAO	1.33	0.71–2.49	0.37	1.66	0.76–3.65	0.20
Choline				0.85	0.64–1.13	0.27
L-Carnitine				1.01	0.96–1.06	0.71
Betaine				0.96	0.89–1.03	0.21

OR, odds ratio. 95% CI, 95% confidence interval. OR shown were for plasma TMAO, choline, L-carnitine, and betaine in all, male, and female participants. Models 1, 3, and 5 adjusted for age, gender, BMI, Glu, TG, and Cr. Models 2, 4, and 6 adjusted for all factors in models 1, 3, and 5 plus choline, L-carnitine, and betaine.