Research Article
Zipf's Law, Hierarchical Structure, and Cards-Shuffling Model for Urban Development
Table 2
Differences between two typical types of hierarchies with cascade structure.
| Type | Cascade structure | Interclass relation | Connection | Typical example |
| Real hierarchy | Physical structure | Geometric relation | Concrete connection | River systems | Dummy hierarchy | Mathematical structure | Algebraic relation | Abstract connection | Earthquake energy distribution |
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