Pattern Formation in a Diffusive Ratio-Dependent Holling-Tanner Predator-Prey Model with Smith Growth

Figure 1

Phase portraits of model (1). The parameters are taken as 𝑟=1, 𝑚=1, 𝑎=0.4, 𝐾=4, ℎ=0.7, 𝑐=0.8, 𝑠=0.55. 𝐸₀=(𝐾,0) is a saddle point. 𝐸^∗=(0.21053,0.30075) is locally asymptotically stable. The dashed curve is the 𝑢-nullcline, and the dotted vertical line is the 𝑣-nullcline.