Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society

Research Article

Modeling the Joint Choice Decisions on Urban Shopping Destination and Travel-to-Shop Mode: A Comparative Study of Different Structures

Table 5

Estimation results of the CNL model.
VariablesWithin 1 mile1-2 milesOver 2 miles
TransitWalk and bicycleCarTransitWalk and bicycleCarTransitWalk and bicycle
Parameter -statParameter -statParameter -statParameter -statParameter -statParameter -statParameter -statParameter -stat
Household characteristics
Size1−0.699−0.93−0.292−0.84−0.054−0.15−1.28−2.29**−1.040−1.66*−0.191−0.64−0.183−0.440.0520.06
Size3−0.328−0.35−0.676−2.04**−0.196−0.60−1.09−1.48−1.400−1.97**−0.796−2.92***−1.480−2.86***−1.010−1.20
Income12.0601.70*−1.170−3.00***−0.396−1.02−0.296−0.49−1.540−1.93**−0.324−1.04−0.633−1.370.3600.36
Income3−2.140−0.680.3881.270.06200.21−0.931−1.260.9061.61−0.007−0.030.1920.461.8101.91*
Car14.0304.08***3.7206.21***−0.610−0.663.714.91***3.6804.65***0.1530.254.3906.84***2.9302.92***
Car3−2.180−0.74−0.887−2.82***−0.258−0.84−2.07−1.90*−0.699−1.16−0.043−0.17−0.227−0.50−0.956−1.12
Individual characteristics
Gender−0.792−1.17−0.231−0.89−0.132−0.510.2020.420.1480.31−0.248−1.14−0.349−1.07−1.220−1.68*
Age1−1.060−0.321.0001.350.6750.88−1.39−0.47−1.260−0.410.8841.351.4201.613.1603.02***
Age30.4770.72−1.030−3.71***−0.018−0.07−0.869−1.74*−0.930−1.83*−0.447−1.93*−0.641−1.87*−1.160−1.53
Land use related characteristics
Population density−0.017−0.720.0141.96**−0.014−1.620.0161.290.0252.06**−0.0118−1.75*0.0060.67−0.016−0.66
Retail employment density0.0821.300.0762.71***−0.004−0.120.0050.080.05921.50−0.015−0.500.0381.11−0.064−0.54
Note. Alternative 1 is the base alternative. indicates significance at the 99 percent level; at the 95 percent level; at the 90 percent level.