Abstract
As regards the ticket allotment issue of the intercity passenger corridor designed for different train grades, the matching relationship between the ticket allotment and the passenger flow demand is studied. The passenger flow conversion equation which is based on the collaborative optimization of the intercity train stop schedule plan and ticket allotment is established. Then the mathematical model aiming at the maximum revenue of intercity train system and the highest satisfaction from the passengers is established. The particle swarm harmony search algorithm is designed to solve the model. The example verifies the effectiveness of the model and algorithm, which indicates that, through the collaborative optimization of the stop schedule plan and ticket allotment for different grades intercity trains, the sectional utilization rate of the train can be improved; meanwhile, the optimum matching between the intercity train revenue and the passenger satisfaction can be realized.
1. Introduction
Intercity train ticket allotment is the important content of railway revenue management, which, with the basis of the passenger travelling demand at all stations along the corridor and the comprehensive consideration on the influence of the operation plan of different grades intercity trains, aims at the optimum matching between sectional tickets and the passenger demand.
Revenue management [1–3] was firstly applied to air transport industry in America in the 1970s, with the purpose of selling the passenger seats to the appropriate customer at the appropriate time with appropriate price by using the pricing strategy as the core, which helped to match the air transport capacity with the potential passenger demand in the market segmentation and thus realized the maximum revenue. One of its core issues is seat inventory control [4]. In recent years, some scholars have studied the railway revenue management by referring to the aviation management mode and introduced the concept of seat inventory control to the railway passenger transport. Ciancimino et al. [5] and You [6] studied the seat inventory control issue of the single grade train and 2-grade trains. Bao [7] studied seat inventory control issue of the multiple grades trains. All of the previous researches are good solutions to sectional seat inventory control with the same origin-destination. Compared with point-to-point passenger transportation mode like air transport, the significant difference of railway transport lies in that there are many stations along the railway, which demands to take sectional seat inventory control, the influence of stop schedule plan on passenger flow, and seat inventory control of multiple grades trains in different sections into consideration. Huang and Peng [8] and Peng and Zhu [9] studied the influence of different stop schedule plans on passenger flow and put forward passenger conversion equation. But its model implied hypothesis in which the amount of tickets can fully meet all passenger demands without taking induction effect caused by different ticket allotment for passenger flow. Therefore, facing intercity passenger rail corridor with coexisting high-speed trains and ordinary ones, the dynamic relationship between passenger flow demands, stop schedule plan, and ticket allotment should be discussed to realize the balanced distribution of the amount of tickets in different grades trains and different sections.
In the traditional seat inventory control, the basic ticket plan in the train diagram phase [10] and ticket preallotment plan in the presale period [11] are studied by stages through the ticket-selling strategies such as setting up the stations of restricted tickets sale, reusing tickets in short distance, sharing tickets, and reusing seats [12]. The features of passenger flow regularity of the intercity railway and public transport type decide the possibility of combining the basic ticket plan and ticket preallotment plan together. Through collaborative optimization of the two plans, the equilibrium distribution of tickets on corresponding sections can be realized at a time.
The main mode of intercity railway is ordinary train and high-speed trains in parallel; based on this, the paper investigates the influence of the stop schedule plan and ticket allotment on the passenger flow demand from the perspective of the passenger behavior choice, establishes the passenger flow conversion equation to depict the dynamic relationship, and sets up a multiobjective model to collaboratively optimize the stop schedule plan and ticket allotment strategy so as to realize the optimum matching between the passenger flow demand and the system revenue.
2. Process of Passenger Travelling Behavior Choice
Build an intercity passenger rail corridor as it is shown in Figure 1 to analyze the passenger travelling choice process.
Suppose there are trains of two grades in the intercity passenger rail corridor. Take station for the starting station and station for the terminal station. Let denote high-speed passenger train, of which stop stations are and , facing a high-speed passenger flow; let denote ordinary passenger train, of which stop schedule plan of stopping at every station from to is adopted, facing an ordinary-speed passenger flow.
In view of the two different stop schedule plans above, at first the passenger should consider if there is the direct train and ticket corresponding to its passenger flow type at the destination; if so, the passenger can make the choice accordingly. Take the high-speed passenger flow as an example to analyze the passenger behavior choice process when there is no direct train or no ticket corresponding to its own passenger flow type. As is shown in Figure 1, high-speed passengers from to cannot choose to arrive at the destination directly. This part of the passenger flow will be converted. They may choose to arrive directly. They may also choose to station and then transfer to to arrive at . Whether or not these passengers will choose depends on whether or not there are tickets from to . Likewise, whether or not the passengers will choose to transfer at depends on whether or not there are tickets from to by and from to by .
From the above analysis, the passenger’s choice of direct train depends on its own passenger flow type and sectional ticket allotment and the passenger’s choice of transfer scheme depends on the train ticket allotment at the transfer station. In the process of the passenger behavior choice, different stop schedule plans and ticket allotments will cause the ceaseless conversion of initial passenger flow and the dynamism of passenger flow which, in turn, will affect the stop schedule plan and ticket allotment. In this way, the linkage and collaboration between passenger flow demand and ticket allotment can be realized.
3. Model
3.1. Research Hypothesis
(1) Hypothesis on the Closure of Railway Passenger Transport Corridor System. The change of system state only depends on the change of the internal factors, instead of being influenced by the external factors.
(2) Transfer Hypothesis. Passengers give priority to the passenger train which is corresponding to their passenger flow type. If the direct arrival cannot be adopted, then the passengers will change the train grade or transfer. If there are two or more transfer stations, the passengers will choose the transfer station which is closest to the destination for one transfer in this paper.
3.2. Parameter Definition
Assume that the station set of intercity passenger rail corridor is , in which is marked as the station, ; assume that the train set on the line is , in which denotes high-speed passenger train and denotes ordinary-speed passenger train. Train , then denotes stopping time of Train in the station, denotes travelling time of Train in the section, denotes ticket price of Train in the section, and denotes seating capacity of Train . Set the 0-1 variable indicating whether Train stops at station. When , Train stops at station; otherwise, it does not. If there is station between and , when , the station can be used as transfer station for and , and variable indicates ticket number of Train between and .
3.3. Decision Condition
Passengers give priority to the passenger train which is corresponding to their passenger flow type. If the direct arrival cannot be achieved, then the passengers will change the train grade or transfer. When there are multiple transfer stations, passengers will choose the transfer station which can maximize their travel utilities according to their passenger flow type. Passenger travel utility includes the discounted cost as per the passenger travel time and the train ticket cost. The calculation formula is shown as inIn formula, indicates the travel utility when passengers choose station to transfer; indicates the transfer time when passengers transfer in station , which is decided by departure time interval of two-grade trains in the station. To simplify the model, this paper takes it as a fixed value. indicates the high-speed passenger travel time value.
When plans of transfer and changing the train grade are both feasible, passengers will make a comparison according to the travel utility computational formula. When the transfer utility is greater than the utility of changing the train grade in the transfer station , that is, formula (2) is satisfied, the high-speed passengers will choose to transfer at the transfer station , otherwise, change the train grade: Namely, in the face of choosing multiple transfer stations and changing the train grade, travelers will always choose the trip mode which can maximize their travel utilities.
3.4. Passenger Flow Conversion Equation
For passengers between and , indicates the passenger flow OD matrix and indicates the initial passenger flow from Train . Since the influence of the stop schedule plan and ticket allotment restriction on the initial passenger flow will lead to the passenger flow conversion, is used to indicate the actual passenger flow converted.
When , , the passenger transport capacity can only be ensured by running extra trains.
When , , passengers will choose trains according to their passenger flow types.
When , , the process of passenger flow conversion is analyzed as follows.
When there is no transfer station between and or the transfer station has no tickets, the remaining high-speed passengers can only choose to take . At this moment, the actual number of high-speed passengers is the actual number of high-speed tickets allotted between and , while the actual number of passengers for ordinary-speed train is the smaller value between the sum of the ordinary-speed passengers converted from the high-speed passengers and the current ordinary-speed passengers, and the number of ordinary-speed tickets allotted between and . Namely, When there is a transfer station between and and the station has tickets, the passenger flow will transfer at the transfer station, as is shown in Figure 2.
Now, the remaining high-speed passengers between and are , the remaining high-speed tickets between and are , and the remaining ordinary-speed tickets between and are . Compare the numerical relationship among them and then the actual number of passengers at each section can be acquired after conversion.
When ,
When ,
When ,
When , , the process of passenger flow conversion is analyzed as follows.
When there is no transfer station between and or the transfer station has no tickets,
When there is a transfer station between and and the station has tickets, one has the following.
When ,
When ,
When ,
3.5. Objective Function
Since intercity trains operating costs involve many aspects of vehicle operation and organization management, it is rather difficult to measure accurately; hence, this paper resolves the maximum revenue of intercity passenger rail corridor system into the maximum total passenger fares and minimum total train number, objectively describing the passengers satisfaction on travel with the minimum conversion of passenger flow demand.
3.5.1. Maximum Passenger Fares of Intercity Trains
Total passenger fares of Train are
Maximum passenger fares of intercity trains are indicates total passenger fares of intercity trains.
3.5.2. Minimum Number of Train
The maximum section of passenger flow will be used to solve the number of Train : indicates the number of Train .
3.5.3. The Highest Passenger Travel Satisfaction
Stop and transfer of trains will affect the initial passenger flow. In order to quantitatively measure the passenger flow matrix change caused by the stop schedule plan, the Generalized Euclidean distance is used to calculate the deviation between actual passenger flow matrix and initial passenger flow matrix. As for the aspect of satisfying the passengers demand conversion of passenger flow will reduce the passenger travel satisfaction, due to which the minimum Euclidean distance is set to indicate the minimum conversion of initial passenger flow to maximize passenger satisfaction:
3.6. Constraint Condition
3.6.1. Constraint of Stop Coverage
To ensure the passengers can get on and off at all the stations, constraint will be set up to ensure at least one grade train to stop in each station:
3.6.2. Constraint of Tickets
Sectional ticket allotment will not exceed the train seating capacity:
4. Solution Algorithm
This model is a complicated multiobjective model with the general objective function taken as . Setting adjustment weighting factors for system revenue and passenger demand conversion can influence the result of stop schedule plan and ticket allotment. All the weighting factors take 1 in this paper.
In order to improve the algorithm applicability, the particle swarm harmony search algorithm (15)-(16) (PSO-HS) is used for the solution. The harmony search algorithm has the advantage which is better than the local optimum and the particle swarm algorithm has the characteristics of fast speed and directivity, based on which the search efficiency can be improved. Algorithm process is as follows.
Step 1 (basic parameters of PSO-HS algorithm are determined). Harmony memory size is HMS; number of variables is ; variable solution space is ; harmony memory retention probability is HMCR; value range of tone control probability PAR takes ; value range of tone fine-tuning disturbance of bandwidth bw takes ; the largest number of iterations is NI; the number of new solutions when algorithms are updated once is ; parameters are needed by the particle swarm algorithm: inertia weight is ; acceleration constants are , ; the largest number of iterations is MAXNum; and the particle swarm size is HMS, same as the harmony memory size.
Step 2 (initial particle is constructed). Initial solution is the solution vector that consisted of decision variables (). Multidimensional (-dimensional) initial particle is constructed as per the number of variables with each dimension representing the value of each variable of the solution. As is shown in Figure 3, four parts of the particle, respectively, represent stops of different grades trains and initial tickets of sections, with stop using 0-1 encoding, 0 indicating no stop, and 1 indicating the existence of stop. Tickets are only distributed at stop sections.
Step 3 (constraint conditions are checked). Check constraint conditions as per formulas (10) to (13). If the constraint conditions are not satisfied, update initial particle again.
Step 4 (particle fitness is calculated). Take as the fitness function.
Step 5 (passenger flow is distributed). Distribute passenger flow as per formulas (1) to (5). Calculate the fitness value based on the new actual passenger flow concluded. Compare the fitness value with that in Step 4 and select the bigger one for the update.
Step 6. Particle formula is updated asRepetitively calculate as per Steps 3–6 until the maximum number of iterations and output the optimal value. In the formula, pbest and gbest, respectively, denote the local optimum position and global optimal location of the particle.
The sigmiod function is used to change the trend of inertia weight evolved with the algorithm. The value interval takes .
Inertia weight decreasing formula is .
Step 7 (new solution of harmony algorithm is created). The first HMS optimal solutions of particle swarm algorithm from Step 6 are taken as the initial solutions of harmonic algorithm.(1)Find out the best particle and the worst in each generation.(2)Find out the adaptive bw and PAR according to the current iteration: (3) and are used to find out the current solution of harmony search algorithm. Take the solution as and judge whether meets the constraint conditions from (10) to (15); if not, rerun Step 7.
Step 8 (memory library is updated). (1) From 1 dimension to dimension, randomly select an element of a solution from each dimension. Improve the convergence speed of solution through the reintroduction of particle swarm optimization combined with harmony algorithm. The formula isUsing this formula, find out the current solution, record it as , and judge whether meets the constraint conditions from (10) to (13); if not, rerun to Step 8.
(2) Compare, , and , when & , substitute for , and when & , substitute for .
Step 9 (iteration is terminated). Determine whether the number of iterations reaches the maximum; if so, stop the iteration and output optimal solutions; otherwise, repeat Steps 7–9.
5. Analysis of the Example
The intercity passenger rail corridor as shown in Figure 4 is constructed to verify the above models and algorithms. The relevant parameter calibration is as follows:(1)throughput capacity: 50 trains/round-the-clock,(2)travel time value: yuan/h, yuan/h,(3)transfer time: min,(4)ticket fare = distance fare rate,(5)basic parameters of train operation which are shown in Table 1,(6)the matrix of the initial passenger flow: On the basis of above particle swarm harmony search algorithm, is used for the solution. The optimal solution is found after 400 times of iteration. The matrix of ticket allotment at each section of the station isNow, 9 high-speed trains are operated with the stop set as ; 4 ordinary-speed trains are operated with the stop set as . The total revenue from the fares of intercity trains is 3,049,542 yuan. Passenger flow deviation is 8322. When two-grade passengers flow distribution on their own grade trains, respectively, 10 high-speed trains and 5 ordinary-speed trains will be operated to meet the demand of passenger flow. Then the total revenue from the fares of intercity train is 2,997,906 yuan. Through the collaborative optimization of stops and ticket allotment, the total revenue is increased by 51,636 yuan and the numbers of operated high-speed trains and ordinary-speed trains are reduced to 1, respectively. The average utilization rates of train section reach 98.43% and 83.09% which are increased by 14.16% and 12.52%, respectively.
The example demonstrates that collaborative optimization of the stop schedule plan and ticket allotment of intercity trains of two grades can improve the sectional utilization rate of the train; thus, the vehicle operation costs can be reduced, and the revenue of inter-city railway system can be improved. The effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm is verified; meanwhile, although the passenger flow conversion caused by the collaborative optimization scheme may reduce the passenger travelling satisfaction, the matching relationship between the revenue of the railway system and the passenger travelling satisfaction can be adjusted by setting the weight parameters between them.
6. Conclusion
Train grade of intercity passenger rail corridor, stop schedule plan, and ticket allotment constitute the three elements of the passenger travelling behavior choice. This paper depicts the influence mechanism of the collaborative optimization of the stop schedule plan and ticket allotment on passenger flow conversion in the intercity passenger rail corridor with trains of different grades, based on which, a passenger flow conversion equation is set up and a multiobjective model considering the revenue of the intercity railway system and the passenger travel satisfaction is built up. The model is solved by the particle swarm harmony search algorithm. This updated algorithm sets up a new comparative rule and improves the occurrence probability of the best solution.
The example verifies the effectiveness of the model and algorithm, and it proves that the collaborative optimization of the stop schedule plan and ticket allotment of trains of different grades can improve the sectional utilization rate of the train, increase the revenue of intercity railway system, and realize the optimum matching between system revenue and passenger travelling satisfaction.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This work is partly supported by the National Social Science Fund (14XGL011) and Natural Science Fund (1506RJZA062) of Gansu Province, China.