Class of Quadratic Almost Bent Functions That Is EA-Inequivalent to Permutations

Zhang, Xinyang; Zhou, Meng

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9627840

Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society

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Abstract Introduction Methods Conclusions Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2017 | Article ID 9627840 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9627840

Class of Quadratic Almost Bent Functions That Is EA-Inequivalent to Permutations

Xinyang Zhang¹and Meng Zhou¹

Academic Editor: Allan C. Peterson

Received15 Feb 2017

Revised09 Apr 2017

Accepted11 Apr 2017

Published13 Aug 2017

Abstract

The permutation relationship for the almost bent (AB) functions in the finite field is a significant issue. Li and Wang proved that a class of AB functions with algebraic degree 3 is extended affine- (EA-) inequivalent to any permutation. This study proves that another class of AB functions, which was developed in 2009, is EA-inequivalent to any permutation. This particular AB function is the first known quadratic class EA-inequivalent to permutation.

1. Introduction

Almost perfect nonlinear (APN) and almost bent (AB) functions and significant theoretical meanings have been extensively applied in finite field theory. The search for new APN (see Definition 1) and AB (which also implies APN property) functions has become an interesting topic. Power functions have six known classes of APN functions, namely, Gold [1], Kasami [2], Welch [3, 4], Niho [4], Inverse, and Dobbertin [5]. Apart from power functions, APN function also has several known classes. Accordingly, [6–11] show that all results are quadratic functions (the meaning of degree is a little different, see Definitions 2 and 3).

In the design of a block cipher, permutations over with an even are preferred due to hardware and software requirements. No APN permutation over with an even was determined until Dillon [12] in 2009. Thus, the Big APN problem emerged: Does such function exist? This problem is still open for . Berger et al. in [13] provided a significant solution for the Big APN problem: if the components of an APN function over with an even are plateaued, then a bent component exists, which is not permuted. This result is negative for quadratic functions because quadratic implies reaching a plateau [14]. If is changed by an odd , then the plateaued APN functions are equal to the AB functions based on the result of [3]. The AB functions are conjectured to be EA-equivalent (see Definition 4) to the permutations. In 2013, Li and Wang [15] proved that the infinite class in [7] is EA-inequivalent to any permutation.

Definition 1. is called almost perfect nonlinear (APN) function on if are 2−1 on (i.e., if and only if or ) for all . Almost bent (AB) function is a kind of APN function.

Definition 2. Every mapping can be unique represented in the form , called the algebraic normal form (ANF) of mapping . ANF is zero (i.e., for any ) if and only if mapping is zero (i.e., for any ).

Definition 3. Every is equal to an tuple as , called the bits binary representation of . Integer and tuple will be regarded as the same from here. The degree of monomial on is not itself but the number of support , called the weight of and denoted as . The degree of mapping is , the highest degree of all nonzero monomials in its ANF. For example, linear mappings on are in the form . Trace mapping is a linear mapping only of values 0 or 1.

Definition 4. Two mappings and over are called extended affine- (EA-) equivalent if there are affine permutations , , and over such that and affine-equivalent if .

2. Methods and Tools

Lemma 5. over is EA-equivalent to permutation if and only if there is linear mapping such that is permuted on .

Proof. If is permuted, then is also permuted over . denotes that , thereby permuted over .

Circulation and cycle are introduced to identify and combine similar terms in .

Definition 6. Consider the circulation mapping defined as , which means when or when . is called the circulation orbit of and its order minimal positive period of .

The lemma below is obvious since and have no similar terms when .

Lemma 7. if and only if for every .

3. Main Result and Proof

If has no solution for any , then is permuted. If exists, such that , then has no solution based on linear algebra. If is , then and , which satisfies , is unique. Furthermore, satisfies .

If , then . If when , then for any . Obviously, and satisfy the identity. Theorem 8 will show that all kinds of satisfying the identity are the adding of the two kinds above.

Theorem 8. One assumes that and over . If , then

Proof. Initially,The exponents and (plus negative will be denoted as minus for convenience) can be divided into the following orbits: 1: , , , , , , , . 101⋯1: , or , , or and 101 of and and 1011 of and . 10⋯011: , 100011 of and , 111 of and . 101⋯10⋯011: , , or . 10001⋯1: and with unequal to and . The condition can distinguish this class from 10100011.

The following equations were formulated based on Lemma 7:

The last equation implies that for all . We let ; then for all .

We let in the second equation; thus, . Therefore, .

Moreover, and are substituted into the third equation; thus, .

Therefore, .

cannot be permuted unless is in the form . Thus only should be considered. If , then it is equal to , only different in a constant with , in which .

Theorem 9. with odd is not permuted.

Proof. is permuted on because is odd; its inverse is in which . So the theorem is equal to which is not permuted. There is , in which . Every with satisfies if , which means has no similar terms with ; and , which means the terms in are not similar to each other. Since and will be adjacent after circulation, when there is , which means is not similar to other terms in . Thus ANF of is not 1. According to Definitions 2 and 3, there exists such that . However, is equal to .

4. Conclusions

The AB class in [11] when is EA-inequivalent to permutations. However, distinguishing whether the AB class is CCZ-equivalent to permutations is still unknown. Furthermore, the relationship of the permutations of the APN classes in [6, 8–10] and class with in [7] is unknown. The solution to these problems will be a significant topic in algebra and cryptography in the future.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work is partly supported by NSFC Project 11271040.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2017 Xinyang Zhang and Meng Zhou. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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