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| Symbols | Explanations |
|
| M: | The number of weapon platforms that can launch missiles (e.g. fighters); |
| N: | The number of targets; |
| , : | The ith weapon platform and the jth target, , ; |
| : | The number of air-to-ground missiles available for , ; |
| : | The value of , ; |
| : | The kill probability of missiles on against , , ; |
| : | The decision variable indicating the number of missiles launched by against , , ; |
| : | The engagement constraint factor indicating whether is able to attack . When one attack is feasible, , otherwise, , , ; |
| ,: | The penalty factor and the penalty function, , , ; |
| : | The population size of the proposed HDGWO; |
| : | A solution in the tth iteration, , where ) is the assignment scheme of . The first three best solutions are denoted by , and in turn. |
| : | The control parameter determining which rule will be adopted to update solutions; |
| : | The maximum iteration number; |
| : | The elitist retention proportion; |
| : | The perturbation value, used to modify the value of decision variables in local search; |
| : | The selection probability, determining whether a solution is to be selected for local search; |
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