Quantifying Urban Sprawl and Its Driving Forces in China
Table 3
The results for the whole sample.
Variables
Dependent Variable
Urban Sprawl
Population Density
Constant
-4.362∗∗∗
8.983∗∗∗
(-3.399)
(7.703)
0.419∗∗∗
0.318∗∗
0.471∗∗
0.342∗∗
-0.075
0.063
-0.113
0.033
(2.209)
(2.075)
(2.502)
(2.234)
(-0.444)
(0.848)
(-0.679)
(0.462)
0.114
0.281∗∗
0.137
0.254∗∗
0.084
0.008
0.070
0.038
(0.859)
(2.372)
(1.041)
(2.138)
(0.711)
(0.137)
(0.601)
(0.685)
∗
-0.061∗
-0.054∗
-0.070∗∗
-0.059∗∗
0.002
-0.011
0.009
-0.005
(-1.723)
(-1.884)
(-1.997)
(-2.050)
(0.060)
(-0.779)
(0.283)
(-0.401)
-0.042∗∗∗
-0.002
-0.044∗∗∗
-0.006
0.056∗∗∗
-0.001
0.055∗∗∗
0.001
(-4.565)
(-0.266)
(-4.580)
(-0.628)
(6.893)
(-0.158)
(6.531)
(0.135)
-0.017
-0.016
-0.016
-0.034
0.002
-0.023
0.002
-0.007
(-0.839)
(-0.672)
(-0.793)
(-1.357)
(0.092)
(-1.943)
(0.137)
(-0.570)
0.003
0.012
-0.004
-0.002
0.057
-0.001
0.064∗∗∗
0.014
(0.110)
(0.525)
(-0.156)
(-0.072)
(2.322)
(-0.087)
(2.625)
(1.321)
0.042
0.009
0.043
0.015
-0.104∗∗∗
-0.015
-0.105∗∗∗
-0.021
(1.428)
(0.412)
(1.488)
(0.684)
(-4.034)
(-1.402)
(-4.079)
(-1.942)
-0.130∗∗∗
-0.004
-0.139∗∗∗
-0.009
0.139∗∗∗
0.022∗∗
0.147∗∗∗
0.025∗∗
(-6.327)
(-0.203)
(-6.801)
(-0.427)
(7.612)
(2.184)
(8.093)
(2.536)
-0.028
-0.011
-0.025
-0.011
0.007
0.007
0.006
0.007
(-1.421)
(-0.767)
(-1.290)
(-0.740)
(0.433)
(1.060)
(0.360)
(1.018)
W∗
0.387
0.119
0.492∗
0.180
-0.360
0.040
-0.436∗
-0.036
(1.433)
(0.585)
(1.836)
(0.878)
(-1.501)
(0.408)
(-1.831)
(-0.377)
W∗
0.444∗∗
0.265∗
0.485∗∗
0.208
-0.452∗∗∗
-0.144∗∗
-0.476∗∗∗
-0.081
(2.352)
(1.766)
(2.591)
(1.375)
(-2.700)
(-1.998)
(-2.863)
(-1.142)
W∗∗
-0.082
-0.022
-0.100∗∗
-0.034
0.081∗
-0.007
0.095∗∗
0.007
(-1.631)
(-0.565)
(-2.001)
(-0.882)
(1.819)
(-0.406)
(2.134)
(0.394)
W∗
0.009
0.018
0.005
0.006
-0.027∗∗
-0.002
-0.028∗∗
0.002
(0.700)
(1.624)
(0.332)
(0.449)
(-2.414)
(-0.357)
(-2.205)
(0.280)
W∗
0.042
0.120∗∗∗
0.044
0.039
-0.022
-0.070∗∗∗
-0.020
0.003
(1.437)
(3.358)
(1.502)
(0.924)
(-0.833)
(-4.042)
(-0.782)
(0.173)
W∗
0.078∗
0.065∗
0.062
0.026
-0.059
-0.045∗∗∗
-0.038
-0.004
(1.929)
(1.821)
(1.508)
(0.703)
(-1.626)
(-2.645)
(-1.035)
(-0.224)
W∗
-0.040
-0.006
-0.033
0.021
0.075
0.019
0.064∗
-0.004
(-0.975)
(-0.170)
(-0.810)
(0.557)
(2.084)
(1.080)
(1.767)
(-0.247)
W∗
0.082∗∗∗
-0.022
0.054∗
-0.048
-0.135∗∗∗
-0.034∗
-0.109∗∗∗
-0.008
(2.635)
(-0.591)
(1.709)
(-1.260)
(-4.874)
(-1.885)
(-3.898)
(-0.471)
W∗
0.015
0.022
0.014
0.020
0.004
-0.023∗∗
0.007
-0.020∗
(0.474)
(0.972)
(0.453)
(0.880)
(0.142)
(-2.077)
(0.251)
(-1.845)
ρ
0.167∗∗∗
0.108∗∗∗
0.135∗∗∗
0.101∗∗∗
0.223∗∗∗
0.250∗∗∗
0.198∗∗∗
0.170∗∗∗
(6.347)
(3.983)
(5.044)
(3.697)
(8.762)
(9.928)
(7.640)
(6.394)
Space-fixed
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Time-fixed
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
R-squared
0.176
0.788
0.194
0.790
0.229
0.942
0.246
0.945
Log-likeli -hood
-360.299
790.660
-338.309
815.560
-164.947
2025.206
-142.850
2093.934
Moran’s I
0.162∗∗∗
0.210∗∗∗
LR_joint_ space fixed
2372.376∗∗∗
4577.916∗∗∗
LR_joint_ time fixed
82.005∗∗∗
367.134∗∗∗
Wald_ spatial_lag
12.065
11.662
LR_spatial _lag
12.036
11.612
Wald_ spatial_error
12.903
10.763
LR_spatial_ error
12.860
10.687
Hauman test
272.140∗∗∗
11.315
Obs
1710
1710
1710
1710
1710
1710
1710
1710
Notes: the t-statistical data is provided in the parentheses; ∗∗∗, ∗∗, and ∗ refer to the statistical significance level (1%, 5%, and 10%, respectively).
