Quantifying Urban Sprawl and Its Driving Forces in China
Table 5
The results of the subregional sample.
Variables
Eastern
Central
Western
Urban Sprawl
Population Density
Urban Sprawl
Population Density
Urban Sprawl
Population Density
-0.116
0.079
1.273∗∗∗
-0.101
0.125
-0.097
(-0.917)
(0.772)
(3.283)
(-0.754)
(0.959)
(-0.857)
-0.024
0.075
1.063∗∗∗
-0.122
0.045
-0.055
(-0.236)
(0.905)
(3.402)
(-1.138)
(0.463)
(-0.657)
∗
0.022
-0.017
-0.223∗∗∗
0.020
-0.029
0.024
(0.929)
(-0.884)
(-3.006)
(0.795)
(-1.187)
(1.096)
-0.008
0.001
-0.022
0.004
0.013
0.001
(-1.076)
(0.155)
(-1.055)
(0.581)
(1.619)
(0.109)
-0.008
0.013
-0.060
-0.006
0.001
-0.044
(-0.48)
(0.956)
(-1.154)
(-0.360)
(0.032)
(-1.359)
0.016
0.010
-0.016
0.020
-0.032
0.020
(0.816)
(0.621)
(-0.270)
(0.999)
(-1.436)
(1.041)
0.013
-0.026
0.034
-0.029∗
0.000
-0.004
(0.642)
(-1.499)
(0.747)
(-1.826)
(-0.004)
(-0.223)
-0.024
0.000
-0.081
0.071∗∗∗
0.003
0.026∗
(-1.307)
(-0.017)
(-1.322)
(3.367)
(0.182)
(1.909)
0.033∗
-0.019
-0.025
0.004
-0.012
0.014∗
(1.777)
(-1.273)
(-0.489)
(0.227)
(-1.347)
(1.842)
W∗
0.128
-0.151
0.395
0.058
0.195
-0.019
(0.673)
(-0.978)
(0.760)
(0.325)
(1.216)
(-0.136)
W∗
-0.054
-0.099
0.437
0.010
0.276
-0.109
(-0.368)
(-0.834)
(1.052)
(0.074)
(2.424)
(-1.101)
W∗∗
-0.025
0.032
-0.071
-0.016
-0.038
0.005
(-0.698)
(1.096)
(-0.711)
(-0.471)
(-1.255)
(0.178)
W∗
-0.006
0.007
0.035
0.003
-0.009
0.019
(-0.499)
(0.735)
(1.129)
(0.245)
(-0.664)
(1.727)
W∗
0.028
-0.037
0.056
0.024
0.006
0.077
(1.026)
(-1.641)
(0.538)
(0.657)
(0.132)
(1.811)
W∗
0.009
-0.019
0.012
0.053
0.066∗∗
-0.032
(0.295)
(-0.771)
(0.121)
(1.504)
(2.097)
(-1.157)
W∗
-0.023
0.039
0.260∗∗∗
-0.081∗∗
-0.053∗
0.021
(-0.763)
(1.605)
(2.709)
(-2.449)
(-1.763)
(0.787)
W∗
-0.024
0.038
-0.359∗∗∗
-0.015
0.028
0.005
(-0.784)
(1.503)
(-3.119)
(-0.379)
(0.958)
(0.206)
W∗
0.007
-0.043
0.058
-0.090∗∗
0.012
-0.002
(0.181)
(-1.391)
(0.537)
(-2.436)
(0.907)
(-0.203)
ρ
0.008
0.108∗∗
0.065
0.110∗∗
0.189∗∗∗
0.135∗∗∗
(0.167)
(2.445)
(1.431)
(2.458)
(4.218)
(2.941)
Space-fixed
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Time-fixed
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
R-squared
0.934
0.955
0.685
0.948
0.922
0.941
Log-likelihood
761.164
884.216
51.525
689.940
530.713
601.290
Moran’s I
0.195∗∗∗
0.221∗∗∗
0.057∗
0.032
0.212∗∗∗
0.221∗∗∗
LR_joint_space fixed
1502.513∗∗∗
1729.845∗∗∗
566.985∗∗∗
1604.641∗∗∗
1044.349∗∗∗
1194.864∗∗∗
LR_joint_time fixed
84.622∗∗∗
159.327∗∗∗
11.915∗
94.979∗∗∗
81.177∗∗∗
106.811∗∗∗
Wald_spatial_lag
12.395
12.931
19.640∗∗
15.045∗
19.951∗∗
18.072∗∗
LR_spatial_lag
12.277
12.801
19.498∗∗
14.919∗
19.544∗∗
17.722∗∗
Wald_spatial_error
12.424
12.544
20.434∗∗
15.505∗
18.564∗∗
17.472∗∗
LR_spatial_error
12.381
12.451
20.157∗∗
15.340∗
18.161∗∗
17.116∗∗
Hauman test
145.872∗∗∗
153.106∗∗∗
53.154∗∗∗
144.955∗∗∗
39.194∗∗∗
135.500∗∗∗
Obs
606
606
600
600
504
504
Notes: the t-statistical information is provided in the parentheses; ∗∗∗, ∗∗, and ∗ stand for the statistical significance level (1%, 5%, and 10%, respectively).
