Chinaʼs Economic Growth, Energy Efficiency, and Industrial Development: Nonlinear Effects on Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Table 6

Nonlinearity check based on BDS and RESET methods.

Test methods	df	Embedding dimension	Test statistics	values
RESET	4	—	2.211389	0.0845
BDS	—	2	10.87009	0.0000
	—	3	10.14338	0.0000
	—	4	9.477264	0.0000

Note. Embedding dimension was selected as 2, 3, and 4, and as a fraction of range in BDS test. BDS test statistics are asymptotically normal distribution, and RESET statistics are F distribution. , , and mean significant at the level of 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively.