Multivariate Path Analysis of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration, Inflammation, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Table 1
Characteristics of participants by sex, NHANES 2001–2006.
Characteristic
Male
Female
value*
Unweighed sample size
4181
4474
Age (years)
51.2 (18.6)
49.1 (19.2)
<0.0001
Sample recruited by season
0.69
Winter
1589 (38.0)
1682 (37.6)
Summer
2592 (62.0)
2792 (62.4)
Race/ethnicity
1.0
Non-Hispanic White
3070 (73.4)
3285 (73.4)
Non-Hispanic Black
1111 (26.6)
1189 (26.6)
Education
0.02
Less than high school
858 (20.5)
822 (18.4)
High school diploma
1100 (26.3)
1157 (25.9)
Some college
2223 (53.2)
2495 (55.8)
Physical activity (1: least vigorous, 4: most vigorous)
<0.0001
Waist circumference (cm)
<0.0001
Serum 25(OH)D (nmol/L)
0.03
Hemoglobin HbA1c (%)**
5.4 (5.2–5.7)
5.3 (5.1–5.6)
<0.0001
Serum C-reactive protein (nmol/L)**
16.2 (6.7–36.2)
26.7 (10.5–59.0)
<0.0001
Family history of diabetes
<0.0001
Yes
1785 (42.7)
2225 (49.7)
No
2396 (57.3)
2249 (50.3)
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
<0.0001
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
<0.0001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
<0.0001
Data are presented as means ± SD or median (IQR)** or n (%). value represents differences in means ± SD or median (IQR) or proportions using t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test or Pearson’s chi-squared test, respectively, using a two-tailed test.