Multivariate Path Analysis of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration, Inflammation, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Table 1

Characteristics of participants by sex, NHANES 2001–2006.

Characteristic	Male	Female	𝑃 value*
Unweighed sample size	4181	4474
Age (years)	51.2 (18.6)	49.1 (19.2)	<0.0001
Sample recruited by season			0.69
Winter	1589 (38.0)	1682 (37.6)
Summer	2592 (62.0)	2792 (62.4)
Race/ethnicity			1.0
Non-Hispanic White	3070 (73.4)	3285 (73.4)
Non-Hispanic Black	1111 (26.6)	1189 (26.6)
Education			0.02
Less than high school	858 (20.5)	822 (18.4)
High school diploma	1100 (26.3)	1157 (25.9)
Some college	2223 (53.2)	2495 (55.8)
Physical activity (1: least vigorous, 4: most vigorous)	2.2±0.9	2.0±0.7	<0.0001
Waist circumference (cm)	100.8±14.9	95.3±15.7	<0.0001
Serum 25(OH)D (nmol/L)	56.5±21.8	57.6±25.9	0.03
Hemoglobin HbA1c (%)**	5.4 (5.2–5.7)	5.3 (5.1–5.6)	<0.0001
Serum C-reactive protein (nmol/L)**	16.2 (6.7–36.2)	26.7 (10.5–59.0)	<0.0001
Family history of diabetes			<0.0001
Yes	1785 (42.7)	2225 (49.7)
No	2396 (57.3)	2249 (50.3)
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.27±0.36	1.57±0.44	<0.0001
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	127.0±17.6	124.5±22.4	<0.0001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	72.42±12.5	69.2±12.4	<0.0001

Data are presented as means ± SD or median (IQR)** or n (%).
^∗𝑃 value represents differences in means ± SD or median (IQR) or proportions using t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test or Pearson’s chi-squared test, respectively, using a two-tailed test.