Resistin: A Potential Biomarker for Periodontitis Influenced Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Induced Periodontitis

Table 1

Major effects of key adipocytokines on the immune and vascular systems [28].

Adipocytokine	Immune system effects	Vascular effects [29]
Leptin	Inflammatory increase in T cell activation; and cytokine release proliferation promotes; Th1 response increases NK cell activation; Increases macrophage activation and cytokine release (TNF-a/IL-6 etc.); Activates neutrophils and increases their chemotaxis and oxidative burst; Prevents inflammatory damage in; conditions of overt immune system stimulation	Induces endothelial dysfunction; Increases blood pressure; Atherosclerosis; Increases ICAM and VCAM; Plasma levels related to hard clinical endpoints; but acutely releases NO from endothelium
Adiponectin	Anti-inflammatory; Decreases T cell activation and proliferation; Inhibits NF-κB dependent cytokine release and adhesion molecule expression (including TNF-a/IL-6); Increases IL-10; Inhibits phagocytosis and oxidative burst	Vasculoprotective; Prevents atherosclerosis; Is decreased in hypertension; Correlated with HDL and inversely with LDL; Plasma levels not related to hard endpoints
Resistin	Proinflammatory; Activates NF-κB dependent cytokine release and adhesion molecule expression (including TNF-a/IL-6)	Pathogenic; Impairs bradykinin dependent; vasorelaxations (NO and EDHF); No effect on acetylcholine; dependent vasorelaxations (NO); VEGF and MMP up regulation