Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Promoter Polymorphisms (−794 CATT_5–8 and −173 G>C): Relationship with mRNA Expression and Soluble MIF Levels in Young Obese Subjects

Table 1

Clinical and biochemical characteristics by study group.

Variables	Normal-weight (n = 150)			Obese (n = 100)
	Male (n = 56)	Female (n = 94)	P value	Male (n = 49)	Female (n = 51)	P value
Age (years)^c	21 (18–25)	20 (18–26)	0.74	22 (19–28)	21 (18–25)	0.18
Weight (kg)^c	62 (51.4–76.3)	52.4 (43.4–65.3)	<0.001	99.7 (82.7–126.7)	84.8 (74.3–108)	<0.001
Height (cm)^c	169.5 (157–183)	156.5 (148.5–166)	<0.001	171 (160–182)	160 (151–171)	<0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)^c	21.7 (19.1–24.6)	22.2 (18.7–24.5)	0.86	33.9 (30–43.1)	33.8 (30–40.4)	0.90
Obesity^a						0.88
Class I (30–34.9 kg/m^2)	—	—	—	32 (65)	33 (65)
Class II (35–39.9 kg/m^2)	—	—	—	13 (27)	15 (29)
Class III (≥40 kg/m^2)	—	—	—	4 (8)	3 (6)
Waist circumference (cm)^c	79 (70–89)	75.2 (65–88)	0.0001	109 (99–131)	103 (89–116)	0.0002
Hip circumference (cm)^c	94 (86–104)	93.4 (87–103)	0.48	115 (107–129)	118 (109–131)	0.07
Waist-hip ratio^b	0.84 ± 0.05	0.80 ± 0.06	0.0003	0.94 ± 0.05	0.87 ± 0.07	<0.001
Body fat mass (%)	13.4 (8.2–20.5)	24 (15–32.4)	<0.001	33.9 (25.6–44.1)	42.1 (34.9–49.5)	<0.001
Body fat mass (kg)	8.5 (4.4–14.8)	12.4 (6.7–21)	<0.001	33.1 (23.9–55.2)	35.4 (25.9–52.7)	0.064
SBP (mmHg)^c	115 (94–140)	103.5 (88–121)	<0.001	125 (103–141)	114 (98–134)	<0.001
DBP (mmHg)^b	68.5 ± 8.3	68.3 ± 7.9	0.87	76.9 ± 10.7	73.8 ± 8.5	0.11
Metabolic profile
Glucose (mg/dL)^c	85.5 (70–104)	83 (68–98)	0.30	89 (76–114)	88 (71–103)	0.52
Cholesterol (mg/dL)^c	156 (120–244)	152 (101–212)	0.11	167 (110–234)	171 (113–227)	0.43
Triglycerides (mg/dL)^c	80.5 (40–188)	70 (42–167)	0.12	150 (63–420)	118 (51–287)	0.008
LDL-C (mg/dL)^c	87.5 (33–207)	88 (37–158)	0.80	120 (72–184)	102 (50–187)	0.09
HDL-C (mg/dL)^c	38 (26.5–58.8)	42 (25.3–65)	0.035	39 (28–60)	42 (31–63)	0.55
Metabolic syndrome
Hypertension (≥130/85 mmHg)^a			0.010			0.005
No	49 (88)	92 (98)		29 (59)	43 (84)
Yes	7 (12)	2 (2)		20 (41)	8 (16)
Glucose (>110 mg/dL)^a			0.19			0.04
No	55 (98)	94 (100)		45 (92)	51 (100)
Yes	1 (2)	0 (0)		4 (8)	0 (0)
Hypercholesterolemia (≥200 mg/dL)^a			0.013			0.67
No	45 (80)	88 (94)		41 (84)	41 (80)
Yes	11 (20)	6 (6)		8 (16)	10 (20)
Hypertriglyceridemia (≥150 mg/dL)^a			0.050			0.009
No	45 (80)	85 (91)		24 (49)	38 (75)
Yes	11 (20)	8 (9)		25 (51)	13 (25)
Metabolic syndrome^a			0.70			0.032
No	55 (98)	93 (99)		25 (51)	36 (72)
Yes	1 (2)	1 (1)		24 (49)	14 (28)

BMI: body mass index, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, LDL-C: low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and HDL-C: high density lipoprotein-cholesterol. ^aData presented as and percentage. Chi-square test. ^bData presented as mean ± SD. Student’s t-test. ^cData presented as median and 5th and 95th percentile. Mann-Whitney U-test.